Table 1.
Characteristics of Cases and Controls and Osteoporosis Odds Ratio According to Clinical Risk Factors: Univariable and Multivariable Analysis Without Polygenic Risk Score
| Participants, Median (IQR) or No. (%) | Analysis, OR (95% CI); P Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 438) | Cases (n = 149) | Controls (n = 289) | Univariable | Multivariable | |
| T-score | |||||
| Lumbar spine, L1-L4 | −0.5 (−2.5 to 0.4) | −2.8 (−3.1 to −2.5) | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.8) | … | … |
| Left total hip | −0.5 (−1.3 to 0.2) | −1.9 (−2.4 to −1.3) | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.4) | … | … |
| Male sex | 360 (82.2) | 119 (79.9) | 241 (83.4) | 1.27 (.76–2.10) a; .362 | … b |
| Age, y | 53 (50–59) | 55 (51–61) | 52 (49–58) | 1.36 (1.04–1.77) c; .024 | 1.40 (1.02–1.92) c; .037 |
| Menopaused | 46 (59.0) | 25 (83.3) | 21 (43.8) | 6.42 (2.10–19.64); .001 | …e |
| Body mass index | |||||
| Underweight, <18.5 | 19 (4.3) | 18 (12.1) | 1 (0.4) | 21.12 (2.77–160.87); .003 | 20.97 (2.55–172.25); .005 |
| Normal, 18.5–24.9 | 226 (51.6) | 104 (69.8) | 122 (42.2) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Overweight, 25–29.9 | 146 (33.3) | 22 (14.8) | 124 (42.9) | 0.21 (.12–.35); < .001 | 0.20 (.12–.36); < .001 |
| Obese, >30 | 47 (10.7) | 5 (3.4) | 42 (14.5) | 0.14 (.05–.37); < .001 | 0.16 (.06–.44); < .001 |
| Physical activity, >20 min ≥1/wk | 230 (52.5) | 67 (45.0) | 163 (56.4) | 0.63 (.42–.94); .024 | 0.67 (.42–1.07); .091 |
| HIV acquisition mode | |||||
| Heterosexual | 133 (30.4) | 42 (28.2) | 91 (31.5) | ||
| Male | 1.04 (.59–1.81); .902 | 0.88 (.45–1.72); .712 | |||
| Female | 0.95 (.51–1.76); .864 | 0.62 (.29–1.32); .215 | |||
| MSM | 240 (54.8) | 76 (51.0) | 164 (56.8) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| IDU | 50 (11.4) | 29 (19.5) | 21 (7.3) | ||
| Male | 2.41 (1.19–4.90); .015 | 1.45 (.54–3.90); .465 | |||
| Female | 5.39 (1.64–17.75); .006 | 2.72 (.66–11.29); .167 | |||
| Other | 15 (3.4) | 2 (1.3) | 13 (4.5) | 0.33 (.07–1.51); .153 | 0.41 (.08–2.01); .269 |
| Smoking | |||||
| Current | 160 (36.5) | 61 (40.9) | 99 (34.3) | 1.39 (.86–2.23); .180 | … |
| Past | 135 (30.8) | 44 (29.5) | 91 (31.5) | 1.09 (.66–1.80); .744 | … |
| Never | 143 (32.7) | 44 (29.5) | 99 (34.3) | 1 [Reference] | … |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| None/mild | 246 (56.2) | 86 (57.7) | 160 (55.4) | 1 [Reference] | … |
| Moderate/heavy | 192 (43.8) | 63 (42.3) | 129 (44.6) | 0.91 (.61–1.35); .638 | … |
| Diabetes mellitus | 30 (6.9) | 5 (3.4) | 25 (8.7) | 0.37 (.14–.98); .045 | 0.48 (.14–1.58); .225 |
| Dyslipidemia | 197 (45.0) | 64 (43.0) | 133 (46.0) | 0.88 (.59–1.32); .541 | … |
| Lipid-lowering therapy | 64 (14.6) | 23 (15.4) | 41 (14.2) | 1.10 (.63–1.92); .726 | … |
| Corticotherapy > 3 mo | 23 (5.3) | 6 (4.0) | 17 (5.9) | 0.67 (.26–1.74); .412 | … |
| Hepatitis C seropositivity | 76 (17.4) | 38 (25.5) | 38 (13.2) | 2.26 (1.37–3.74); .001 | 0.98 (.44–2.15); .951 |
| Parent hip fracture | 44 (10.1) | 19 (12.8) | 25 (8.7) | 1.54 (.82–2.90); .179 | … |
| Exposure, y | |||||
| Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate | 4.4 (1.0–7.5) | 5.8 (2.6–8.7) | 3.5 (0.3–6.9) | 1.84 (1.40–2.43) f; < .001 | 1.87 (1.34–2.60) f; < .001 |
| Boosted protease inhibitor | 2 (0.0–7.8) | 5 (0.0–9.3) | 1.3 (0.0–5.9) | 1.44 (1.18–1.76) f; < .001 | 1.08 (.84–1.40) f; .532 |
| CD4 | |||||
| Nadir, cells/μL | 199 (99–286) | 171 (90–260) | 210 (104–304) | 0.84 (.73–.97); .020 | 1.04 (.87–1.23); .672 |
| Nadir, <50 cells/μL | 55 (12.6) | 19 (12.8) | 36 (12.5) | 1.03 (.57–1.86); .930 | … |
| Cells/μL | 644 (488–852) | 611 (463–812) | 652 (507–861) | 0.97 (.91–1.04); .370 | … |
| HIV RNA | |||||
| Undetectable, <50 copies/mL | 415 (94.8) | 141 (94.6) | 274 (94.8) | 0.96 (.40–2.33); .937 | … |
| Maximal, copies/mL, log | 5.2 (4.6–5.7) | 5.1 (4.5–5.6) | 5.2 (4.7–5.7) | 0.87 (.71–1.07); .182 | … |
All data apply to the time point of the first dual x-ray absorptiometry scan.
Abbreviations: IDU, injection drug use; MSM, men who have sex with men; OR, odds ratio.
Female sex.
Sex is considered separately for injection drug users and heterosexual participants under “HIV acquisition mode.”
Per 10 years older.
Menopause status was considered only for female participants (n = 78).
Due to collinearity with sex and age, menopause association was analyzed only univariably.
Per 5-year exposure.