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. 2023 Jun 8;7(9):1097–1112. doi: 10.1038/s41551-023-01050-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Schematic of in vitro direct inflammation experiments. b, TNF, IL6 and IL1Ra levels after 24 h stimulation of human primary monocytes. c, Schematic of in vitro trained immunity experiments. d, TNF and IL6 levels after re-stimulation of β-glucan-trained cells. e, TNF and IL6 levels after re-stimulation of IL4-trained cells. f, Seahorse analysis of glycolytic (left) and mitochondrial (right) metabolism in IL4-trained cells. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. OCR, oxygen consumption rate; 2-DG, 2-deoxy-D-glucose.