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. 2023 Aug 14;29(9):2366–2374. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02507-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a, Overall design of the phase I trial. Study phase color shading is used here and in Extended Data Fig. 1 and Supplementary Fig. 3. b, Individual FM-UE scores for each participant across the trial. The absence of a marker for a particular month (DBS + rehab phase) signifies that the participant met the criteria for DBS + rehab discontinuation and transitioned to the carryover phase. Dashed lines denote participants classified as non-preserved (NP) distal extremity motor function at enrollment. Note that the interconnecting lines are provided solely as a visual aid. c, Box-and-whisker plots representing the change scores (left y axis) for each of the surgical (month 1 minus 0), rehab-only (month 3 minus 1), DBS + rehab (month 8–12 (maximum achieved) minus 4), rehab carryover (month ‘+2’ minus month 8–12) and long-term follow-up (month ‘+10’ minus 8–12) trial phases. A score of zero signifies no change in impairment for that phase, with higher values reflecting improvement (that is, decreased impairment). The overlaid line plot represents the cumulative median change (right y axis) across the trial (n = 12 independent participants; two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test; *P = 0.004; **P < 0.001). d, Box-and-whisker change plots and cumulative line plots as a function of NP versus preserved (P) baseline distal extremity motor function. The overlaid line plots show the cumulative change (right y axis) observed across the trial (NP, black-filled, yellow circle; P: yellow-filled, black circle; n = 12 independent participants). For both c and d, boxes depict the median (horizontal line) within quartiles 1–3 (bounds of box). Whiskers extend to minimum and maximum values. Blue circles represent individual participant data points, while the blue ‘X’ depicts the average. ^aAs described in the text, the DBS + rehab phase was a minimum of 4 months but extended up to 8 months for participants who showed ongoing improvement. As such, the ‘+1’ time point reflects the measurement taken 1 month after DBS was turned OFF regardless of the DBS + rehab phase duration. The timing of all subsequent follow-up assessments was re-indexed to the final month of DBS + rehab.