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. 2023 Aug 10;29(9):2248–2258. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02495-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a,b, Results for cognition (a) and functional ability (b) for each country, all collapsed countries, as well as LA-HICs (Chile and Uruguay) and LA-LMICs (Ecuador and Colombia). The R², Cohen’s F₂, MSE and RMSE are reported for each model. The feature importance and their statistical significance are also provided for each model. β estimates were used to assess the weight of each feature in the models. The risk factors are: demographics, SDH, lifestyle, health status (cardiometabolic factors and falls), mental health symptoms and country. The two-sided P value of a Student’s t-statistic was calculated for the β values of the regression. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. No asterisk means not significant.