Table 1.

Effects of relevant parameters on cell viability and fiber morphology and methods for resolution

Parameter	Effects on cytoactivity	Effect on fiber morphology	Methods for maintaining cytoactivity	Methods of maintaining fiber morphology	References
Molecular weight, molecular structure of the polymer (branched, linear, etc.)	Polymers with certain molecular weight are beneficial, while polymers with high molecular weight have negative effects on cytoactivity	High molecular weight produces fibers, low molecular weight produces beads	Select polymers with appropriate molecular-weight range	Select polymer materials with different molecular weights or add physical crosslinking	[8,18,19]
Polymer concentration	A certain concentration is beneficial, while high concentration has a negative impact on cytoactivity	Within a certain range, the fiber diameter is positively related to the polymer concentration, and low concentration produces electrospray	Properly reduce polymer concentration and surface tension	Adjust the ratio of polymer and solvent	[8,20–22]
Solution viscosity	Low viscosity is beneficial, while high viscosity has a negative effect on cytoactivity	Low viscosity causes bead formation, High viscosity increases fiber diameter, making it too high to eject solution	Properly reduce solution viscosity and surface tension	Adjust the ratio of polymer and solvent	[8,11,23]
Conductivity	Low conductivity is beneficial, while high conductivity has a negative effect on cytoactivity	Higher conductivity produces finer fibers	Select polymers with low conductivity as much as possible	Introduce ionic compounds, such as salts or inorganic acids	[8,11,21]
Surface tension	The lower the surface tension, the smaller the negative effect on cytoactivity	High surface tension leads to jet instability and low surface tension is conducive to the production of thinner fibers	Reduce surface tension	Add surfactants	[8,11,24,25]
Injection rate/flow rate	The smaller the flow rate, the smaller the negative effect on cytoactivity	Low flow-rate produces finer fibers, while high flow-rate produces beaded fibers or droplets	Keep the liquid inlet-rate as low as possible to reduce the shear force	Control the solution advancing speed	[11,23,24]
Size of electromotive force	The lower the electromotive force, the smaller the effect on cytoactivity	Higher electromotive force produces finer fibers	In the case of fiber preparation, electromotive force is reduced as far as possible	Regulate voltage	[8,11,26]
Distance between capillary tube and collecting screen	The smaller the distance, the less the exposure time of the cell electric field	A certain distance is conducive to the maintenance of fiber morphology, and bead fibers or droplets are produced at a small distance	Select the appropriate distance between the capillary tube and the collection screen	Adjust the distance between capillary tube and collecting screen	[8,11,27,28]
Motion pattern of the collection device	A movement trend with uniform embedding and small shear force is beneficial to maintain cytoactivity	It has nothing to do with fiber morphology, it has to do with fiber arrangement	By modifying the receiving device, the cell activity is maintained	Fix or move as required	[8,29]
Volatility of solvent	The volatilization and type of solvent have negative effects on cytoactivity	Too high a value will cause the jet to solidify and too low a value will cause the collected fiber to become wet	Select low cytotoxicity or avoid negative effects of solvent on cells	Modify the proportion and type of solvent	[8,30,31]
Temperature	Either a high or a low temperature has a negative effect on cytoactivity	High temperature is conducive to producing finer fibers, but too high a value is not conducive to extension	Select temperature conducive for cell survival	Control the working temperature to achieve the preparation of target fiber	[8,11,32,33]
Humidity	Too high or too low humidity has a negative effect on cytoactivity	Lower humidity forms drier and finer fibers, and higher humidity forms beaded fibers or liquid droplets	Select the proper humidity to maintain cytoactivity	Regulate working humidity	[8,11,34]