Table 1.
Native Structural ECM Protein Alterations in CAVS
| Reference | Source | |
|---|---|---|
| Proteins with specific mechanistic insights in CAVS | ||
| Physiological collagens | ||
| Collagens I, II, III, IV, V, VI, XVI, and XVIII | 24,27,31,32 | Protein, mRNA |
| New collagen isoforms in calcified valves | ||
| Collagens VIII, X, XI, and XII | 24,33, 34, 35, 36, 37 | Protein, mRNA |
| Proteins with increased synthesis | ||
| Collagens I, II, III, IV, V, and VI | 27,31,33, 34, 35,37, 38, 39 | Protein, mRNA |
| Laminins | 24,34,36 | Protein, mRNA |
| Fibronectin-1 | 24,32 | Protein, mRNA |
| Periostin | 31,38 | Protein, mRNA |
| Prolargin | 38 | Protein |
| Osteonectin | 24,35 | Protein, mRNA |
| Microfibrillar-associated protein 4,5 | 34,35,37 | Protein, mRNA |
| Fibulin-1, 6 | 35,37 | Protein, mRNA |
| Lumican | 31,32,35,38,40 | Protein, mRNA |
| Biglycan | 31,38 | Protein, mRNA |
| Decorin | 32,38 | Protein |
| Aggrecan | 24,34,35 | Protein, mRNA |
| Versican | 32 | Protein |
| Testicans | 24 | Protein, mRNA |
| Tenascin-C | 24,35 | Protein, mRNA |
| Annexin A2 | 32,37,38 | Protein, mRNA |
| Galectin-1 | 38 | Protein |
| Proteins with decreased synthesis | ||
| Tenascin-X | 24,25 | Protein, mRNA |
| Proteins without known specific mechanistic insights in CAVS | ||
| Multimerin-2 | 24,34,37 | Protein, mRNA |
| Galectin-3-binding protein | 24,37 | Protein, mRNA |
| SPARC-related modular calcium-binding protein | 24,37 | Protein, mRNA |
| Vitronectin | 24,32 | Protein, mRNA |
| Chondroadherin | 24 | Protein, mRNA |
| Myocilin | 37 | Protein, mRNA |
| Nephronectin | 35 | mRNA |
| Collagen triple helix repeat-containing protein 1 | 34 | mRNA |
| Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 3 | 34 | mRNA |
| Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 18 | 34 | mRNA |
| Angiopoietin-related protein 4 | 34 | mRNA |
Significantly altered native structural ECM proteins in CAVS, as derived from proteomics and transcriptomics analyses.
CAVS = calcific aortic valve stenosis; ECM = extracellular matrix; mRNA.