Table 2.
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Measurements (Before Product Use Challenge, n = 395)
| Variable | Control Participants (n = 114) | ENDS Users (n = 164) | Cigarette Users (n = 117) | Adjusted Model |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P Valuea (Group Effect) | Post Hoc Tests | ||||
| Cardiovascular measurements | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8 ± 4.7 | 25.7 ± 5.7 | 28.3 ± 7.5 | .091 | NA |
| BP, mm Hg | |||||
| Systolic | 118.4 ± 11.7 | 119.7 ± 11.2 | 126.4 ± 16.7 | .549 | NA |
| Diastolic | 70.4 ± 7.1 | 71.1 ± 7.5 | 76.6 ± 10.7 | .199 | NA |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 59.6 ± 8.2 | 58.3 ± 9.2 | 65.3 ± 11.7 | < .001b | S > C, Ec |
| Carotid artery intima-media thickness, mm | 0.54 ± 0.10 | 0.54 ± 0.10 | 0.67 ± 0.18 | .074 | NA |
| Carotid artery plaque score, log-transformed | 0.38 ± 0.96 | 0.34 ± 1.01 | 1.84 ± 2.64 | .255 | NA |
| Carotid artery distensibility, mm Hg–1 × 10–3) | 5.26 ± 1.81 | 5.61 ± 2.00 | 4.06 ± 1.54 | .112 | NA |
| Brachial artery diameter, cm | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 0.39 ± 0.64 | 0.41 ± 0.73 | .483 | NA |
| Brachial artery flow-mediation dilation, % | 5.31 ± 3.43 | 4.89 ± 2.92 | 4.25 ± 3.17 | .494 | NA |
| Aortic augmentation index at 75 beats/min, % | 1.0 (20.1) | 0.5 (20.5) | 19.5 (21.8) | < .001b | S > E > Cc |
| Autonomic measurements | |||||
| PNN50% | 31.0 (32.8) | 37.1 (37.0) | 11.4 (25.7) | .035 | . . . |
| RMSSD, ms | 58.3 (41.4) | 63.3 (48.9) | 43.6 (30.3) | .150 | . . . |
| Low- to high-frequency power ratio, log-transformed | 1.52 ± 1.86 | 1.58 ± 1.73 | 1.97 ± 1.88 | .323 | . . . |
| Heart rate variability standing ratio | 1.57 ± 0.26 | 1.55 ± 0.23 | 1.38 ± 0.21 | .001b | C, E > Sc |
| Pulmonary measurements | |||||
| FEV1, % | 92.0 ± 13.4 | 93.8 ± 13.3 | 82.9 ± 18.9 | .001b | C, E > Sc |
| FVC, % | 96.5 ± 15.1 | 98.3 ± 13.5 | 90.3 ± 16.0 | .022 | . . . |
| FEV1 to FVC, % | 95.4 ± 9.6 | 95.7 ± 8.9 | 91.2 ± 12.6 | .047 | . . . |
| FEF25-75, % | 86.9 ± 27.3 | 87.9 ± 23.5 | 71.1 ± 31.1 | .003 | C, E > Sc |
| Feno, log-transformed, ppb | 16.2 ± 11.0 | 14.5 ± 14.7 | 9.7 ± 12.3 | < .001b | C>E>Sc |
| Laboratory measurements | |||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.1 ± 1.4 | 14.2 ± 1.38 | 14.1 ± 1.4 | .185 | . . . |
| WBC count, K/μL | 5.0 ± 1.7 | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 7.3 ± 2.3 | < .001b | S > C, Ec |
| C-reactive protein, log-transformed, mg/L | 1.7 ± 2.4 | 2.0 ± 6.0 | 5.7 ± 8.4 | < .001b | S > C, Ec |
| Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 121.3 ± 32.2 | 115.7 ± 36.4 | 130.2 ± 39.3 | .313 | . . . |
| F2-isoprostane to creatinine ratio, ng/mg | 0.56 ± 0.19 | 0.54 ± 0.29 | 0.78 ± 0.42 | < .001b | S > C, Ec |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise indicated. C = control participants; E = electronic nicotine device system user; ENDS = electronic nicotine delivery system; Feno = fractional exhaled nitric oxide; FEF25-75 = forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of FVC; NA = not available; PNN50% = percentage of successive R-R intervals that differ by > 50 ms; RMSSD = root mean square differences in successive normal intervals; S = cigarette user.
Adjusted for age, sex, and race.
P < .05 after Benjamini and Hochberg adjustment to control false discovery rate across the 24 tests in the table.
Group pairwise comparisons with P < .05 with Bonferroni multiple comparisons correction.