Visits with any team member include in-person, video, or phone visits with any member of the care team. Visits with billing clinicians include any in-person, video, or phone visit with billing clinicians (physicians, advance practice practitioners). Between-visit interactions include any unscheduled phone call or patient portal message with any member of the care team. Total encounters equals visits with any team member and between-visit interactions. Pre-PHE indicates pre–COVID-19 public health emergency, April 1, 2019, to March 31, 2020, at UCSF; September 1, 2019, to March 31, 2020, at SFHN; PHE-SIP, public health emergency shelter in place, April 1 to June 30, 2020; and hybrid-PHE, hybrid public health emergency, July 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021.