Table. Characteristics of Included Participants.
| Characteristic | Patients, No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| UCSF (n = 5268) | SFHN (n = 9880) | |
| Patient age, y | ||
| 18-34 | 169 (3.2) | 272 (2.8) |
| 35-49 | 639 (12.1) | 1538 (15.6) |
| 50-64 | 1607 (30.5) | 4430 (44.8) |
| 65-74 | 1439 (27.3) | 2590 (26.2) |
| ≥75 | 1414 (26.8) | 1050 (10.6) |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 2801 (53.2) | 4933 (49.9) |
| Male | 2827 (46.8) | 4947 (50.1) |
| Race and ethnicitya | ||
| Hispanic | 657 (12.5) | 3280 (33.2) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1956 (37.1) | 3369 (34.1) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 701 (13.3) | 1558 (15.8) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1426 (27.1) | 1159 (11.7) |
| Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Nativeb | 25 (0.5) | 38 (0.4) |
| Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanderb | 109 (2.1) | 171 (1.7) |
| Other Non-Hispanic race and ethnicity | 332 (6.3) | 278 (2.8) |
| Language preferencea | ||
| English | 4301 (81.6) | 4624 (46.8) |
| Spanish | 164 (3.1) | 2606 (26.4) |
| Chinese | 399 (7.6) | 1731 (17.5) |
| Other | 404 (7.7) | 919 (9.3) |
| Insurancec | ||
| Medicare | 2294 (43.5) | 3062 (31.0) |
| Medicaid | 663 (12.6) | 3641 (36.9) |
| Commercial | 2270 (43.1) | 182 (1.8) |
| Healthy Workersd | NA | 1238 (12.5) |
| Uninsurede | 2 (0.0) | 1063 (10.8) |
| nSES quintilec | ||
| 1, Lowest | 882 (16.7) | 3736 (37.8) |
| 2 | 959 (18.2) | 2558 (25.9) |
| 3 | 991 (18.8) | 1465 (14.8) |
| 4 | 1199 (22.8) | 1284 (13.0) |
| 5, Highest | 976 (18.5) | 593 (6.0) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||
| 0-2, No or mild comorbid illnesses | 3924 (74.5) | 8297 (84.0) |
| ≥3, Moderate or severe comorbid illnesses | 1344 (25.5) | 1583 (16.0) |
| Baseline hemoglobin A1c, %f | ||
| ≤8, Controlled diabetes | 3356 (63.7) | 4232 (42.8) |
| >8, Uncontrolled diabetes | 972 (18.5) | 1969 (19.9) |
| Baseline blood pressure, mm Hgf | ||
| ≤120/80, No hypertension | 936 (17.8) | 2243 (22.7) |
| ≤140/90, Controlled hypertension | 2635 (50.0) | 4793 (48.5) |
| >140/90, Uncontrolled hypertension | 1240 (23.5) | 1718 (17.4) |
| Enrolled in patient portal | 3963 (75.2) | 747 (7.6) |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; nSES, neighborhood socioeconomic status; SFHN, San Francisco Health Network; UCSF, University of California San Francisco.
SI conversion factor: To convert hemoglobin A1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01.
Participants with the following missing data were combined with “other” for analyses: race and ethnicity, 62 (1.2%) at UCSF and 27 (0.3%) at SFHN; language preference, 2 (<0.1%) at UCSF and 4 (<0.1%) at SFHN.
Due to small sample size, American Indian or Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander were grouped with other race and ethnicity in analyses.
Participants with missing data (301 [5.7%] at UCSF and 905 [9.2%] at SFHN) were excluded from interrupted time-series analyses. Individuals with the following data were excluded: insurance, 39 (0.7%) missing and 2 (<0.1%) self-pay at UCSF and 694 (7.0%) missing at SFHN; nSES, 261 (5.0%) at UCSF and 244 (2.5%) at SFHN; 2 (<0.1) missing sex at SFHN.
Healthy Workers is a city-provided insurance for home caregivers.
Uninsured at SFHN included individuals who had access to health care through local government access focused on specific populations (eg, undocumented individuals, incarcerated individuals).
Data presented is based on values where there were no missing data. As described in the Methods section, for analyses missing values were imputed for baseline A1c (940 [17.8%] at UCSF; 3679 [37.2%] at SFHN) and baseline blood pressure (457 [8.7%] at UCSF; 1126 [11.4%] at SFHN).