Table 3.

Studies providing comparative findings on the usability of electronic consent (eConsent) versus paper informed consent form.

Study, year	Participants		Methodology			Findings
	Sample size, N	Age (years)	Measure	Validitya
Abujarad et al [13], 2021	50	eConsent: mean 47 (SD 15; range NRb) Comparator: mean 38 (SD 15; range NR)	1 question (Likert scale)	+	eConsent participants scored the process as significantly less difficult than paper consent participants (P=.02)
Chalil Madathil et al [18], 2013	40	Mean NR (SD NR; range 18-77)	CSUQc system usefulness and interface quality subscales	+++	Higher usefulness and interface quality scores with eConsent formats vs paper. Difference across the different formats statistically significant (P<.05)
Chapman et al [19,20], 2021 and 2020	298	Mean 63 (SD 8; range 45-74)	2 questions (multiple choice) plus successful completion	+	Significantly better scores with eConsent vs paper for engagement with study information (P<.001); no significant difference for improvement. All participants successfully completed the consenting process
Jayasinghe et al [27], 2019	35	75 (SD 7; range NR)	10 questions (Likert scales)	++	Overall, no statistically significant difference with eConsent vs paper
Knapp et al [49], 2021	109	Median 13, range 11-14	1 question (Likert scale)	+	Better scores with eConsent vs paper (P value NR)

^aMethodological validity was categorized as “high” (+++), “moderate” (++), or “limited” (+).

^bNR: not reported.

^cCSUQ [55]: Computer System Usability Questionnaire. It contains 19 questions measuring overall satisfaction, system usefulness, information quality, and interface quality.