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. 2023 Sep 15;27:86. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00422-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 13 — Photosensitive and conductive hydrogel incorporating BP@Mg into GelMA for antimicrobial and innerved bone regeneration of infected bone defects. a Schematic illustration of the GelMA-BP@Mg (GBM) hydrogel. b SEM images of different hydrogel scaffolds. c Photothermal properties of the GelMA-BP@Mg (GBM) hydrogel scaffolds subjected to NIR irradiation. d Evaluation of the photothermal antibacterial properties of the GBM hydrogel in vitro. e In vitro osteogenic potential of the GBM hydrogel via OPN and Runx-2 immunofluorescence staining. f Schematic description of the experimental process for establishing rat models with infected skull defects. In addition, in vivo infrared thermographic photographs and antibacterial properties of the hydrogels after NIR laser irradiation were performed. g Micro-CT images and quantitative analysis of infected bone defects treated with hydrogels at weeks 4 and 8. Images reproduced from [50], © 2022 Wiley–VCH GmbH