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. 2023 Sep 15;27:86. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00422-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 15 — 3D-bioprinted hydrogel as bioactive and biodegradable bone scaffolds for accelerated bone regeneration. a 3D bioprinting process of GelMA hydrogel integrated with BMSCs, RAW264.7 and BMP-4-loaded MSNs. b Osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in the composite scaffolds. c Polarization and inflammatory regulation of loaded RAW264.7 macrophages in the hybrid hydrogels. d In vivo therapeutic efficacy of diabetic bone defects induced by the 3D-bioprinted hydrogel scaffolds in a calvarial defect model. Images reproduced from [41], © 2020 Elsevier. e Schematic description of released bioactive ions from the 3D-printable GelMA-PEGDA/SiPAC hydrogel scaffolds with improved angiogenesis and osteogenesis for augmented vascularized bone repair. f SEM images of the printed hydrogel scaffolds. g Significantly increased expression of osteogenic marker genes (OPN and RUNX2) induced by the hybrid hydrogels after immunofluorescence staining. h In vitro angiogenesis evaluation of HUVECs cultured on the hydrogel scaffolds. (i) Accelerated bone regeneration of calvarial defects treated with GelMA-PEGDA/SiPAC hydrogel scaffold as shown in micro-CT reconstructed images. Images reproduced from [35], © 2021 Wiley–VCH GmbH