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. 2023 Sep 15;27:86. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00422-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 16 — 3D-bioprinted nanoengineered hydrogel (GelMA/CQDs) with photoactivated drug delivery for tumor apoptosis and simultaneous bone regeneration via macrophage immunomodulation. a The optimized printing parameters for the GelMA-Y bioink. In addition, representative digital photographs and microscopic images of the 3D printed GelMA-Y hydrogels were recorded. b Cytotoxicity evaluation of the MG-63 cells after irradiation with an 808 nm NIR laser. A hypothetical drawing of NIR-triggered hypothermia and ROS-induced bone tumor irradiation was also provided. c The M2 polarization of Raw 246.7 cells cultured on different hydrogel scaffolds in vitro. d In vitro osteogenic properties of hBMSCs after 14 d of incubation in a macrophage-conditioned media(M-CM). e In vivo bone regeneration capability of the 3D-printed GelMA-Y scaffolds in a rat skull defect model. Images reproduced from [59], © 2023 Wiley–VCH GmbH