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. 2023 Sep 15;27:86. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00422-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 17 — Electrically stimulated 3D-bioprinted GelMA-PPy-Fe hybrid hydrogel induces osteogenesis and bone regeneration by regulating collective signaling pathways and immunopolarization. a Schematic illustration of the ink deposition process. b FE-SEM images of the freeze-dried GelMA, GelMA-PPy, and GelMA-PPy-Fe hydrogel scaffolds. c Conductivity of the GelMA-PPy and GelMA-PPy-Fe hydrogels. d Determination of the mechanical integrity of 3D printed complex architectures using GelMA-PPy bioink. e Schematic illustration of the cell culture procedure showing the protocol for cell-laden culture (3D), and the cell viability of 3D bioprinted hBMSCs after 5 days of incubation was also determined. f Macrophage polarization potential of Raw 264.7 cells cultured with the fabricated scaffolds. g Schematic illustration of the osteo- immunomodulation experiment and the ARS staining of hBMSCs in the presence of M-CM after 7 and 14 days of induction. Images reproduced from [60], © 2023 Elsevier Ltd