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. 2023 Sep 15;27:86. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00422-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Biocompatible composite hydrogel scaffold integrated with GelMA/nHAP and CSA microspheres conjugated 3D porous frameworks for effective bone repair. a Graphic description of the preparation and cell-laden G10-F@Mc hydrogel scaffold for repairing bone defects. b Surface characterization of bio-inks and 3D printed frameworks within the composite hydrogel scaffolds. c In vitro cell behaviors of MC3T3-E1 cells on the hydrogel scaffolds for 7 and 14 days. d In vivo bone regeneration of the hydrogel scaffolds in the mouse skull defects for 4 and 8 weeks. Images reproduced from [17], © 2022 Elsevier Ltd