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. 2023 Sep 15;27:86. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00422-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — GelMA/β-TCP-based hydrogel scaffold decorated with personalized MXene (Ti₃C₂) with excellent photothermal antimicrobial and osteogenic capabilities for the therapy of infected bone defects. a Schematic illustration of the fabrication, in vitro biological effects and in vivo bone repair efficacy of the GelMA/β-TCP/Sr²⁺/MXene (GTAM) hydrogel scaffold. b Surface characterization of different 3D-printed hydrogel scaffolds. c Determination of the NIR-responsive photothermal properties of different 3D-printed scaffolds. d Representative images of S. aureus and E. coli clones cocultured with 3D-printed scaffolds with or without NIR irradiation for 24 h. e Determination of the in vivo photothermal effect and bone regenerative actions of the hydrogel scaffolds via radiographic and histological analysis. Images reproduced from [21], © 2022 The Royal Society of Chemistry