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. 2023 Sep 15;27:86. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00422-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 8 — Osteoimmunity-regulating hierarchical hybrid scaffold with excellent immunomodulatory, angiogenic and osteogenic properties for large-scale bone defect repair. a Schematic illustration of the preparation of PLA/HA framework integrated with DFO and MnCO nanomaterials in GelMA hydrogels and its osteoimmunomodulatory effects. b Surface characterization of PLA/HA scaffold sand GelMA/DFO/MnC composite hydrogel. c SEM images of DMGP hierarchical hybrid scaffold. d In vitro cytocompatibility of DMGP scaffold towards BMSCs via Live/Dead staining. e, f In vitro osteogenic activity of BMSCs on DMGP scaffold via ALP and ARS staining. g In vivo bone regenerative potential of DMGP composite scaffold in a critical-sized femoral bone defect model as confirmed by microCT reconstruction. h Histological evaluation (H&E staining) of new bone formation induced by DMGP scaffold at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. Images reproduced from [36], © 2022 Wiley–VCH GmbH