Table 2.
Psychological, behavioural and biological factors in ASD-group versus non-ASD-group.
| ASD, n = 309 | Non-ASD, n = 30,876 | p-value a | Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychological | ||||||
| Psychiatric comorbidity c (N, %) | 88 | (28.5) | 2042 | (6.6) | <0.01 | 5.29 (3.94–7.10) |
| Anxiety | 75 | (24.3) | 1735 | (5.6) | <0.01 | 4.98 (3.67–6.76) |
| Depression | 49 | (15.9) | 812 | (2.6) | <0.01 | 5.50 (3.81–7.92) |
| Stress (median, IQR) d | 3 | (2–6) | 1 | (0–3) | <0.01 | 1.22 (1.18–1.27) |
| Perceived health (mean, SD) e | 2.9 | (0.9) | 2.6 | (0.8) | <0.01 | 1.71 (1.47–2.00) |
| Behavioural | ||||||
| Alcohol use, >2 glasses/day (N, %) | 67 | (21.7) | 7638 | (24.7) | N.S. | 0.57 (0.41–0.80) |
| Physical activity, days/week (mean, SD) | 4.3 | (2.0) | 4.4 | (1.9) | N.S. | N.S. |
| Biological | ||||||
| Body mass index (mean, SD) Waist circumference (cm) (mean, SD) |
25.8 90.4 |
(4.9) (14.2) |
25.9 90.0 |
(4.2) (12.4) |
N.S. N.S. |
N.S. N.S. |
| Leukocytes (10
E
9/L) (median, IQR) Neutrophils (10 E 9/L) (median, IQR) Lymphocytes (10 E 9/L) (median, IQR) Monocytes (10 E 9/L) (median, IQR) Eosinophils (10 E 9/L) (median, IQR) Basophils (10 E 9/L) (median, IQR) |
6.00 3.09 1.97 0.49 0.16 0.04 |
(5.10–6.90) (2.60–3.84) (1.59–2.36) (0.42–0.60) (0.09–0.24) (0.03–0.06) |
5.80 3.06 1.90 0.48 0.16 0.04 |
(4.90–6.80) (2.27–3.80) (1.57–2.31) (0.39–0.58) (0.11–0.24) (0.03–0.06) |
<0.05 N.S. N.S. <0.05 N.S. N.S. |
N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. |
95% CI: 95% confidence interval; ASD: autism spectrum disorder; IQR: interquartile range; OR: odds ratio.
a
Univariable analysis with Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, independent sample t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test.
b
Multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES: employment and educational attainment).
c
Psychiatric comorbidity = any current depressive disorder and/or any current anxiety disorder.
d
Long-term difficulties inventory sum score. A higher score equals more perceived stress.
e
A higher score equals worse perceived general health.