Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics Between Two Groups at Baseline
| DKD (n=1080) | NDKD (n=1579) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (% female) | 573(53.1) | 779(49.3) | 0.059 |
| Age (years) | 60.44±11.62 | 55.90±10.90 | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 8.00(1.00, 4.00) | 6.00(2.00, 11.00) | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 291(26.9) | 462(29.3) | 0.200 |
| Drinking (%) | 238(22.0) | 372(23.6) | 0.355 |
| Exercise (%) | 633(58.6) | 913(57.8) | 0.968 |
| Medication situation (%) | |||
| Hypoglycemic drugs | 968(89.6) | 1419(89.9) | 0.843 |
| Insulin | 327(30.3) | 288(18.2) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering drug | 796(73.7) | 1127(71.4) | 0.435 |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs | 478(44.3) | 391(24.8) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 26.33±4.22 | 25.95±4.04 | 0.019 |
| WC (cm) | 88.74±9.97 | 86.94±9.91 | <0.001 |
| VAI | 1.52(0.96, 2.48) | 1.40 (0.88,2.21) | <0.001 |
| LAP | 31.60(19.52,50.75) | 28.14(16.48,46.99) | <0.001 |
| BRI | 4.56±1.40 | 4.25±1.34 | <0.001 |
| BMI-SD | 0.38(0.18,0.73) | 0.34(0.11,0.69) | 0.024 |
| WC-SD | 1.78±1.01 | 1.58±0.92 | 0.174 |
| VAI-SD | 0.48(0.03,0.42) | 0.33(0.12,0.37) | 0.016 |
| LAP-SD | 4.49(1.23,11.34) | 3.65(0.91,9.85) | 0.072 |
| BRI-SD | 0.20±0.12 | 0.25±0.13 | 0.055 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.47±2.09 | 8.40±2.06 | 0.395 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 136.50±18.73 | 130.72±17.44 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.65±11.53 | 77.02±11.45 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 193.24±39.42 | 193.46±38.47 | 0.887 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 126.00 (86.00, 177.00) | 117.00 (86.00, 170.00) | 0.190 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 111.81±33.31 | 109.56±31.52 | 0.081 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 46.66±12.55 | 48.85±12.97 | <0.001 |
| Scr (mg/dL) | 0.95 ±0.27 | 0.89±0.22 | <0.001 |
| Egfr (mL/(min 1.73m2) | 77.77(64.61,94.17) | 85.13(70.54,99.85) | <0.001 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 10.36±6.83 | 14.71±7.55 | <0.001 |
Note: Data are expressed as means ± SD, median (interquartile range) or percentages.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; VAI, visceral adiposity index; LAP, lipid accumulation product; BRI, body roundness index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Scr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.