Table 2.

Fibromyalgia articles.

Author(s), country, year	Aim(s)	Sample	Age and gender distribution	Methods	Intervention/manipulation	Measure of catastrophizing	Measure of cognition	Results	Clinically relevant catastrophizing (Y/N)
Boselie et al., Netherlands, 2018	Study the effect of a positive psychology intervention on negative states/traits and executive task performance	Patients with FM, n = 87–121	8 males, 234 females Mean age: 44.56	RCT	Positive psychology Internet intervention versus waiting list control condition	PCS	SST, DSTR, TST, WCST	Positive psychology intervention reduced pain catastrophizing but did not improve executive task performance	N
Castel et al., Spain, 2021	To compare cognitive performance and perception of memory problems and determine the relationship between memory complaints and cognitive performance	Patients with FM (n = 70), patients with chronic pain (n = 74), healthy controls (n = 40)	47 males, 137 females Mean age: 46.97	Observational	Groups based on diagnosis	Subscale of catastrophizing from CSQ	MFE, TAVEC, TPT, SCWT	Pain catastrophizing correlated with self-report memory complaints but not cognitive test performance	N
de Grier et al., Netherlands, 2003	To examine the role of pain-related fear and attentional processes on tolerance for physical activity	Patients with FM, n = 81	81 females Mean age: 48	Observational	Groups split into low and high fear groups based on Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale. Participants completed a physical performance task, cognitive task, and dual task	PCS	Card sorting and dual tasking	Pain-related fear was a strong predictor of cognitive performance, high levels of pain catastrophizing found in the high fear groups	Y
Dick et al., Canada, 2002	To investigate deficits in attentional functioning in pain groups	Patients with FM, chronic MSK pain, RA, and health controls, n = 20 per group	27 males, 53 females Mean age: 55.8	Observational	N/A	PCS	TEA	All pain groups had impaired cognition compared to controls but no correlation was found between catastrophizing and cognitive performance	N
Galvez-Sanchez et al., Austria, 2018	To investigate the contribution of affect-related variables to cognitive impairments	Patients with FM (n = 67) and health controls (n = 32)	99 females Mean age: 51.84	Observational	N/A	Subscale of catastrophizing from CSQ	ROCF, TAVEC, zoo map task, R-SAT, TMT	FM patients showed poorer cognitive performance than controls. Cognitive performance was associated with higher levels of catastrophizing, which explained the largest portion of variance in cognitive performance	Y
Miro et al., Spain, 2012	To explore the relationship between sex and cognitive alterations in those with FM	Patients with FM	20 males, 58 females Mean age: 46.61	Observational	N/A	PCS	ANT-I	No correlation between catastrophizing and cognition	N
Moore et al., United Kingdom, 2019	To examine attentional performance of FM patients compared to controls	Patients with FM (n = 24) and healthy controls (n = 26)	5 males, 45 females Mean age: 39.54	Observational	Participants performed cognitive tasks alone and during a painful pressure induction protocol	PCS	n-Back, attentional switching, and divided attention task	Participants with FM reported greater pain interference and catastrophizing compared to healthy controls. No correlations performed between cognition and catastrophizing	Unknown
Segura-Jimenez et al., Spain, 2016	To test gender differences in variables associated with FM and between those with or without FM	Patients with FM (n = 405) and without FM (n = 247)	74 males, 599 females Mean age: 48.5	Observational	N/A	PCS	MMSE, PASAT, and RAVLT	Inconsistent evidence of gender differences in FM-related symptoms. No correlation analyses performed	N
Veldhuijzen et al., Netherlands, 2012	To examine performance on cognitive tests in females with FM compared to controls	Female patients with FM (n = 35) and female healthy controls (n = 35)	70 females Mean age: 29.85	Observational	N/A	PCS	SCWT, MSIT, MMSE	Participants with FM had slower reaction times than controls but no difference in interference. No correlation between cognition and catastrophizing	N