Table 3.

Chronic low back pain articles.

Author(s), country, year	Aim	Sample	Age and gender distribution	Methods	Intervention/manipulation	Measure of catastrophizing	Measure of cognition	Results	Clinically relevant catastrophizing (Y/N)
Baker et. Al., Australia, 2018	To investigate the relationship between objective and self-report cognitive impairments and the contribution of psychological attributes in participants with chronic back pain	Participants with chronic back pain, n = 41	17 males, 24 females Mean age: 42.97	Observational	N/A	PCS	TMT, SDMT, SCWT, WCST, TOPF, CFQ, EMQ, BRIEF-A	Catastrophizing correlated with poorer cognitive performance and most strongly related to objective cognitive performance	Unknown
Baker et al., Australia, 2018	To evaluate the potential efficacy of a computerized cognitive training to improve cognitive performance in participants with chronic pain	Participants with chronic pain, n = 39	15 males, 24 females Mean age: 43.3	RCT	Participants randomized to computerized cognitive training (n = 20) for 8 weeks (3x/wk) or active control intervention (n = 19)	PCS	TMT, SDMT, SCWT, WCST, n-back, CFQ, EMQ, BRIEF-A	Catastrophizing decreased in both groups, self-reported cognitive function was correlated with reduced catastrophizing, responders to the intervention had higher baseline catastrophizing	N
Crombez et al., Belgium, 2000	To investigate whether chronic pain patients display involuntary attentional shift towards pain-related information	Participants with chronic low back pain, n = 25	11 males, 14 females Mean age: 48.46	Observational	N/A	PCS	EST	Pain intensity, but not catastrophizing, was predictive of interference time	N
Goubert et al., Belgium, 2004	To investigate the effects of distraction from pain during and after a pain-inducing lifting task	Participants with chronic low back pain, n = 52	25 males, 27 females Mean age: 46.30	Observational	Participants performed a lifting task with and without a cognitively distracting condition. Order of tasks was randomized	PCS, researchers modified the CSQ to measure attention to pain and catastrophic thinking during the lifting task	Reaction time via random interval auditory tones	Catastrophizing was related to increased vigilance and less engagement in the distracting task. The effect of catastrophizing on cognitive performance was mediated by attention to pain	N
Jorge et al., Brazil, 2009	To investigate whether chronic low back pain and RA patients have deficits in memory	Participants with chronic low back pain (n = 21) and RA (n = 23)	8 males, 36 females Mean age: 55.03	Observational	N/A	CSQ	WMS III	Catastrophizing associated with memory deficits	Unknown
Lariviere et al., Canada, 2013	To examine the effect of pain and attentional interference on anticipatory postural adjustments in participants with chronic low back pain	Participants with chronic low back pain, n = 59	30 males, 29 females Mean age: 40	Observational	Participants performed rapid flexion movements of the right arm under 6 conditions including a control and different attentional demands. Assessed in groups by high/low catastrophizing	PCS	Latency of trunk muscle activation as a proxy of attentional interference	Catastrophizing and attention modulate trunk muscle activation	Y
Melkumova et al., Russia, 2011	To investigate the nature of impairments of cognitive functions and the factors influencing them in chronic pain	Participants with chronic spinal pain (n = 64) and healthy controls (n = 20)	22 male, 42 females Mean age: 49.1	Observational	Participants split by age: group 1—30–50 years and group 2—51–60 years	PCS	SNLCT, SDMT, SCWT, WCST, COWAT, DST, ROCF	In older participants (group 2), cognitive functions were most influenced by affective-motivation components of pain including catastrophizing	N
Roelofs et al., Netherlands, 2005	To examine the role of personal relevance of sensory pain-related words in selective attentional processing in chronic low back pain	Participants with chronic low back pain, n = 30	11 males, 19 females Mean age: 41.2	Observational	N/A	PCS	Modified SCWT	No correlation between cognition and catastrophizing	N
Simon et al., United States, 2016	To determine how working memory and catastrophizing are associated with pain intensity in chronic low back pain	Participants with chronic low back pain (n = 60) and pain-free controls (n = 30)	29 males, 61 females Mean age: 47.62	Observational	N/A	PCS	DSTR	Higher memory impairment and catastrophizing in chronic low back pain compared to controls but no correlation between the two	N
Tabira et al., Japan, 2020	To investigate the relationship between attention bias and psychological assessment	Participants with chronic low back pain, n = 13	2 males, 11 females Mean age: 70.3	Observational	Participants performed a reaction time task during an attentional bias modification task including neutral and threatening faces	PCS	Reaction time during ABM task	Catastrophizing associated with an increased attentional bias towards a threatening stimulus	N