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. 2023 Sep 16;13:15385. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42623-y

Table 1.

General characteristics of study participants and frequency of facing CHEs.

Variables Categories Numbers (n = 320) Frequency of facing CHEs (n = 315) Sig
CHE-No (N = 153) CHE-Yes (N = 162)
Gender Male 38 (11.9) 21 (13.7) 17 (10.5) 0.379
Female 282 (88.1) 132 (86.3) 145 (89.5)
Age 18–30 years 8 (2.5) 7 (4.5) 1 (0.6) 0.148
30–50 years 103 (32.2) 48 (31.4) 53 (32.7)
50–70 years 174 (54.4) 83 (54.3) 88 (54.3)
More than 70 years 35 (10.9) 15 (9.8) 20 (12.4)
Place of residence Urban 299 (93.4) 148 (97.3) 147 (90.7) 0.029
Rural 21 (6.6) 5 (2.3) 15 (9.3)
Household size 1–2 103 (32.2) 37 (24.2) 66 (40.7) 0.000
3–5 168 (52.5) 94 (61.4) 72 (44.4)
More than 5 37 (11.5) 21 (13.7) 15 (9.3)
Not reported 12 (3.8) 1 (0.7) 9 (5.6)
Education status Literate 286 (89.4) 6 (3.9) 25 (15.4) 0.003
Illiterate 32 (10.0) 146 (95.4) 136 (84.0)
Not reported 2 (0.6) 1 (0.7) 1 (0.6)
Employment status Working 66 (20.6) 42 (27.5) 24 (14.8) 0.009
Not working 245 (76.6) 105 (68.6) 135 (83.3)
Not reported 9 (2.8) 6 (3.9) 3 (1.9)
Household Earning members None 13 (4.1) 1 (0.7) 12 (7.4) 0.000
1–3 270 (84.3) 133 (87.7) 136 (84.0)
4 and above 21 (6.6) 17 (10.2) 3 (1.8)
Not reported 16 (5.0) 2 (1.4) 11 (6.8)
Household Income quartile# First 124 (39.4) 11 (7.2) 113 (69.7) 0.000
Second 51 (16.1) 23 (15.0) 28 (17.3)
Third 68 (21.6) 51 (33.3) 17 (10.5)
Fourth 72 (22.9) 68 (44.5) 4 (2.5)
Smoking Yes 9 (2.8) 3 (2.0) 6 (3.7) 0.353
Drinking Yes 8 (2.5) 2 (1.3) 6 (3.7) 0.177
BMI Underweight (< 18.5) 11 (3.4) 6 (3.9) 5 (3.1) 0.084
Normal (18.5 to < 25) 90 (28.1) 46 (30.1) 41 (25.3)
Overweight (< 25 to 30) 111 (34.7) 60 (39.2) 50 (30.9)
Obesity (> 30) 87 (27.2) 31 (20.3) 56 (34.5)
Not reported 21 (6.6) 10 (6.5) 10 (6.2)
Insurance availability Yes 26 (8.1) 15 (9.8) 11 (6.8) 0.331
Carpal tunnel Yes 100 (31.3) 43 (28.1) 55 (34.0) 0.263
No 220 (68.7) 110 (71.9) 107 (66.0)
Tarsal tunnel Yes 121 (37.8) 57 (37.2) 63 (38.9) 0.765
No 199 (62.2) 96 (62.8) 99 (61.1)
Disease duration Less than 1 year 44 (13.8) 26 (17.0) 18 (11.1) 0.188
1–5 years 81 (25.3) 40 (26.1) 40 (24.7)
5–10 years 86 (26.9) 33 (21.6) 51 (31.5)
10–20 years 88 (27.5) 46 (30.1) 41 (25.3)
More than 20 years 21 (6.6) 8 (5.2) 12 (7.4)
Rheumatoid factor Positive 237 (74.0) 111 (72.6) 122 (75.3) 0.278
Negative 69 (21.6) 38 (24.8) 31 (19.1)
Not reported 14 (4.4) 4 (2.6) 9 (5.6)
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide Positive 188 (58.8) 90 (58.8) 95 (58.6) 0.988
Negative 80 (25.0) 39 (25.5) 41 (25.3)
Not reported 52 (16.2) 24 (15.7) 26 (16.1)
Functional status Mild (HAQ < 1) 159 (49.7) 84 (54.9) 73 (45.1)
Moderate (HAQ 1 to 1.5) 56 (17.5) 26 (17.0) 30 (18.5) 0.191
Severe (HAQ > 1.5) 105 (32.8) 43 (28.1) 59 (36.4)
Disease activity Remission (DAS < 2.6) 21 (6.6) 13 (8.5) 8 (4.9) 0.020
Low (DAS 2.6 to < 3.2) 27 (8.4) 17 (11.1) 9 (5.6)
Moderate (DAS 3.2 to < 5.1) 141 (44.1) 73 (47.7) 67 (41.4)
Severe (DAS > 5.1) 131 (40.9) 50 (32.7) 78 (48.1)

Figures in parathesis are percentage to row total #n = 315.