Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by different PDI groups
| Characteristic | Total (N = 2771) |
Group 1 (N = 561) |
Group 2 (N = 801) |
Group 3 (N = 767) |
Group 4 (N = 642) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LMM during follow-up, % | 234 (8.44) | 68 (12.12) | 92 (11.49) | 34 (4.43) | 40 (6.23) | < 0.001 |
| PDI, score | 48.45 ± 5.74 | 41.19 ± 3.80 | 46.92 ± 3.49 | 50.50 ± 3.54 | 54.27 ± 3.43 | < 0.001 |
| Plant-based food, score | 32.75 ± 5.31 | 28.05 ± 3.29 | 28.66 ± 2.89 | 37.37 ± 3.40 | 36.43 ± 2.99 | < 0.001 |
| Animal-based food, score | 15.71 ± 3.07 | 13.14 ± 1.75 | 18.26 ± 2.04 | 13.12 ± 1.60 | 17.84 ± 1.86 | < 0.001 |
| Age, % | < 0.001 | |||||
| < 80 years | 1,407 (50.78) | 248 (44.21) | 358 (44.69) | 435 (56.71) | 366 (57.01) | |
| ≥ 80 years | 1,364 (49.22) | 313 (55.79) | 443 (55.31) | 332 (43.29) | 276 (42.99) | |
| Gender, men, % | 1,468 (52.98) | 300 (53.48) | 361 (45.07) | 444 (57.89) | 363 (56.54) | < 0.001 |
| Education, % | < 0.001 | |||||
| 0 year | 1,354 (48.86) | 297 (52.94) | 484 (60.42) | 266 (34.68) | 307 (47.82) | |
| 1–6 years | 783 (28.26) | 150 (26.74) | 209 (26.09) | 236 (30.77) | 188 (29.28) | |
| > 6 years | 634 (22.88) | 114 (20.32) | 108 (13.48) | 265 (34.55) | 147 (22.90) | |
| Residence, % | < 0.001 | |||||
| City | 318 (11.48) | 34 (6.06) | 34 (4.24) | 176 (22.95) | 74 (11.53) | |
| Town | 774 (27.93) | 170 (30.30) | 223 (27.84) | 209 (27.25) | 172 (26.79) | |
| Rural | 1,679 (60.59) | 357 (63.64) | 544 (67.92) | 382 (49.80) | 396 (61.68) | |
| Regular physical examination, % | 1,359 (49.04) | 288 (51.34) | 356 (44.44) | 420 (54.76) | 295 (45.95) | < 0.001 |
| Hunger in childhood, % | 2,185 (78.85) | 444 (79.14) | 661 (82.52) | 557 (72.62) | 523 (81.46) | < 0.001 |
| Exercise, % | 854 (30.82) | 127 (22.63) | 198 (24.72) | 302 (39.37) | 227 (35.36) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking, % | 569 (20.53) | 110 (19.61) | 156 (19.48) | 172 (22.43) | 131 (20.40) | 0.470 |
| Drinking, % | 548 (19.78) | 115 (20.50) | 111 (13.86) | 187 (24.38) | 135 (21.03) | < 0.001 |
| ASM, score | 6.26 ± 1.35 | 6.01 ± 1.18 | 6.08 ± 1.27 | 6.52 ± 1.12 | 6.43 ± 1.23 | < 0.001 |
| MMSE, score | 26.48 ± 5.42 | 26.94 ± 4.68 | 25.04 ± 6.72 | 27.48 ± 4.02 | 26.66 ± 5.32 | < 0.001 |
| BADL disability, % | 193 (6.96) | 34 (6.06) | 58 (7.24) | 56 (7.30) | 45 (7.01) | 0.816 |
| IADL disability, % | 1,232 (44.46) | 249 (44.39) | 421 (52.56) | 299 (38.98) | 263 (40.97) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 941 (33.96) | 157 (27.99) | 253 (31.59) | 299 (38.98) | 232 (36.14) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 140 (5.05) | 11 (1.96) | 38 (4.74) | 60 (7.82) | 31 (4.83) | < 0.001 |
| Heart disease, % | 325 (11.73) | 50 (8.91) | 90 (11.24) | 103 (13.43) | 82 (12.77) | 0.063 |
| Stroke, cerebrovascular disease, % | 224 (8.08) | 33 (5.88) | 66 (8.24) | 66 (8.60) | 59 (9.19) | 0.170 |
| Arthritis, % | 318 (11.48) | 47 (8.38) | 99 (12.36) | 94 (12.26) | 78 (12.15) | 0.084 |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 119 (4.29) | 17 (3.03) | 30 (3.75) | 47 (6.13) | 25 (3.89) | 0.026 |
Abbreviations: PDI plant-based dietary index; Group 1: low plant food consumption and high animal food consumption; Group 2: low plant food consumption and low animal food consumption; Group 3: high plant food consumption and high animal food consumption; Group 4: high plant food consumption and low animal food consumption; LMM low muscle mass, BADL basic activity of daily living, IADL instrumental activity of daily living, ASM appendicular skeletal muscle mass, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination