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. 2023 Sep 16;18:694. doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-04182-w

Table 3.

GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) criteria for assessing quality of evidence

Outcome Number of studies Number of participants Risk of bias Imprecision Inconsistency Indirectness Publication bias Relative effect (95% confidence interval) Confidence in effect estimate (Grade)
Pain 3 375 Serious Not serious Moderate Not serious Not serious − 0.63 (95% CI − 0.86, − 0.39) Moderate
Adverse effect 4 507 Serious Not serious Not serious Not serious Serious 1.66 (95% CI 0.99, 2.78) Very low