Table 4. Indications for the use of invasive ventilation.

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NIV: non-invasive mechanical ventilation

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Treatment Option of Choice	Indications
Invasive ventilation	Unable to tolerate NIV or NIV failure
	Respiratory or cardiac arrest
	Respiratory pauses with loss of consciousness or gasping for air
	Diminished consciousness, psychomotor agitation inadequately controlled by sedation
	Massive aspiration
	Persistent inability to remove respiratory secretions
	Heart rate <50 min⁻¹ with loss of alertness
	Severe hemodynamic instability without response to fluids and vasoactive drugs
	Severe ventricular arrhythmias
	Life-threatening hypoxemia in patients unable to tolerate NIV