Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study participants.
| Low muscle mass | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (n = 976) | Low muscle mass (n = 330) | P value | ||
| Age (y) | 69.48 ± 0.28 | 71.18 ± 0.49 | 0.003 | |
| Age of menopause (y) | 55.04 ± 3 | 53.15 ± 3.37 | 0.677 | |
| Height (cm) | 151.97 ± 0.22 | 150.92 ± 0.48 | 0.045 | |
| Weight (kg) | 58.16 ± 0.4 | 49.83 ± 0.42 | < 0.001 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.46 ± 0.37 | 78.48 ± 0.53 | < 0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.13 ± 0.15 | 21.85 ± 0.15 | < 0.001 | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 103.17 ± 1.06 | 101.39 ± 1.60 | 0.362 | |
| HbA1c | 6.45 ± 0.08 | 6.36 ± 0.13 | 0.549 | |
| Triglycerides | 145.64 ± 3.40 | 138.56 ± 5.62 | 0.253 | |
| HDL cholesterol | 47.3 ± 0.45 | 48.46 ± 0.87 | 0.235 | |
| LDL cholesterol | 122.76 ± 2.59 | 128.61 ± 4.67 | 0.270 | |
| GOT | 23.91 ± 0.47 | 21.53 ± 0.37 | < 0.001 | |
| GPT | 20.38 ± 0.45 | 16.63 ± 0.44 | < 0.001 | |
| Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) | 260.65 ± 2.81 | 265.13 ± 4.75 | 0.405 | |
| Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) | 70.83 ± 1.37 | 74.38 ± 2.36 | 0.183 | |
| HTN medication (%) | 53.38 (2.03) | 51.05 (3.49) | 0.552 | |
| DM medication (%) | 15.14 (1.33) | 16.34 (2.46) | 0.646 | |
| DM (%) | 0.912 | |||
| Normal | 58.16 (1.94) | 58.99 (4.00) | ||
| Insulin resistance | 22.24 (1.70) | 20.83 (3.16) | ||
| DM | 19.6 (1.48) | 20.18 (2.99) | ||
| Alcohol (%) | 0.174 | |||
| None | 72.17 (2.82) | 75.77 (4.55) | ||
| Less than once a month | 18.63 (2.47) | 11.22 (3.17) | ||
| Once a month | 5.47 (1.37) | 6.87 (3.08) | ||
| Once a week | 3.34 (1.21) | 3.58 (1.78) | ||
| Every day | 0.39 (0.29) | 2.56 (1.91) | ||
| Smoking (%) | 3.31 (0.59) | 8.38 (2.06) | 0.002 | |
| Parity (%) | 98.6 (0.37) | 98.58 (0.62) | 0.980 | |
| COCP (%) | 25.69 (1.68) | 22.54 (2.70) | 0.310 | |
| Use of hormones (%) | 11.06 (1.21) | 11.1 (1.89) | 0.987 | |
| HTN stage (%) | 0.397 | |||
| Normal | 10.72 (1.11) | 13.49 (2.31) | ||
| Pre‑HTN | 20.65 (1.46) | 21.89 (2.65) | ||
| HTN | 68.62 (1.74) | 64.61 (3.17) | ||
Values are presented as mean ± SD or number (%).
BMI: body mass index, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, GOT: glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, GPT: glutamlc pyruvic transamlnase, HTN: hypertension, DM: diabetes mellitus, COCP: combined oral contraceptive pill.