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| Bone turnover marker | BMD | Fracture risk | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone formation | Bone resorption | |||
| Metformin | ↓/∼ | ↓/∼ | ∼/↑ | ↓/∼ |
| Sulfonylureas | ↑/∼ | ↓/∼ | ND | ↓/∼/↑ |
| Thiazolidinediones | ↓↓/∼/↑ | ↑↑/∼ | ↓↓/∼ | ↑↑ |
| GLP-1 analogues | ∼ | ↓↓ | ↑/∼ | ∼ |
| DPP4 inhibitors | ↓/∼ | ∼ | ∼ | ∼/↓ |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | ∼ | ∼/↑ | ∼ | ∼/↑ |
| Insulin | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ | ↑ |
Abbreviations: ↑∣increased; ↓∣decreased; ∼∣unchanged; BMD, bone mineral density; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor 4; GLP1, glucagon-like peptide 1; ND, not determined; SGLT2, sodium/glucose cotransporter 2.
