Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| All participants (n = 69,071) | Non-xanthelasma (n = 67,797) | Gastric xanthelasma (n = 1,220) | ap value | Esophageal xanthelasma (n = 17) | bp value | Duodenal xanthelasma (n = 37) | cp value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 45.8 ± 12.4 | 45.7 ± 12.4 | 53.1 ± 9.5 | <0.001 | 46.3 ± 12.8 | 0.874 | 48.2 ± 10.3 | 0.158 |
| Male sex | 35,589 (51.5%) | 34,948 (51.5%) | 615 (50.4%) | 0.43 | 6 (35.3%) | 0.180 | 20 (54.1%) | 0.760 |
| Superficial gastritis | 21,477 (31.1%) | 21,262 (31.4%) | 201 (16.5%) | <0.001 | 2 (11.8%) | 0.082 | 12 (32.4%) | 0.888 |
| Gastric polyp | 6,073 (8.8%) | 5,951 (8.8%) | 115 (9.4%) | 0.428 | 1 (5.9%) | 1.000 | 6 (16.2%) | 0.191 |
| Polyp histopathology | 0.636 | 0.424 | 0.122 | |||||
| Hyperplastic | 1,594 (2.3%) | 1,568 (2.3%) | 26 (2.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Fundic gland | 1,657 (2.4%) | 1,623 (2.4%) | 31 (2.5%) | 1 (5.9%) | 2 (5.4%) | |||
| Pathological absence | 2,822 (4.1%) | 2,760 (4.1%) | 58 (4.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (10.8%) | |||
| Bile reflux | 4,055 (5.9%) | 3,986 (5.9%) | 67 (5.5%) | 0.568 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.607 | 2 (5.4%) | 1.000 |
| Gastric/Duodenal ulcer | 13,315 (19.3%) | 13,060 (19.3%) | 245 (20.1%) | 0.473 | 4 (23.5%) | 0.890 | 6 (16.2%) | 0.638 |
| Reflux esophagitis | 5,524 (8.0%) | 5,439 (8.0%) | 82 (6.7%) | 0.097 | 1 (5.9%) | 1.000 | 2 (5.4%) | 0.777 |
| Barrett’s esophagus | 3,074 (4.5%) | 3,011 (4.4%) | 62 (5.1%) | 0.282 | 1 (5.9%) | 1.000 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.362 |
| Esophageal cancer | 160 (0.2%) | 159 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0.425 | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 |
| Gastric atrophy | 10,203 (14.8%) | 9,674 (14.3%) | 523 (42.9%) | <0.001 | 3 (17.6%) | 0.959 | 3 (8.1%) | 0.284 |
| Intestinal metaplasia | 13,736 (19.9%) | 13,091 (19.3%) | 633 (51.9%) | <0.001 | 5 (29.4%) | 0.455 | 7 (18.9%) | 0.952 |
| Dysplasia | 494 (0.7%) | 478 (0.7%) | 16 (1.3%) | 0.013 | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 |
| Gastric cancer | 633 (0.9%) | 614 (0.9%) | 18 (1.5%) | 0.038 | 1 (5.9%) | 0.376 | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 |
| H. pylori infection | 18,750 (27.1%) | 18,317 (27.0%) | 422 (34.6%) | <0.001 | 5(29.4%) | 1.000 | 6 (16.2%) | 0.139 |
a
Two-sided p values for the difference between gastric xanthelasma and non-xanthelasma.
b
Two-sided p values for the difference between esophageal xanthelasma and non-xanthelasma.
c
Two-sided p values for the difference between duodenal xanthelasma and non-xanthelasma. Age is expressed as mean (SD) and all other data are expressed as number (proportion). H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori.