TABLE 1.

Summary of literature reporting stress-induced placental and fetal growth restriction.

Age	Species	Placental weight	Body weight	Organ/Muscle weight		Study
Spontaneous IUGR
Newborns	Humans		↓34%			Krajewski et al. (2014)
			↓33%			Miranda et al. (2018)
		↓69%	↓80%			Paolini et al. (2001)
			↓34%			Pecks et al. (2019)
			↓13%			Sharma et al. (2007)
			↓12%			Xiao and Li (2005)
		↓12%	↓14%			Souza et al. (2016)
Maternal Nutrient Restriction
Fetus	Baboon	↓10%	↓7%	Brain, ND		Chassen et al. (2020)
	Mouse	↓38%	↓48%			Ganguly et al. (2016)
	Rat	↓12%	↓21%			Jansson et al. (2006)
			↓26%	Brain, ND	Liver, ↓26%	Sadiq et al. (1999)
		↓9%	↓15%	Brain, ND	Kidney, ND	Alkhalefah et al. (2021)
				Liver, ND	Heart, ND
	Sheep		↓0%–32%	Brain, ↓0%–9%	Kidney, ↓0%–24%	Sandoval et al. (2020)
				Liver, ↓11%–43%	Heart, ↓0%–22%
				Gastrocnemius, ↓0%–30%	Soleus, ↓0%–33%
				L. dorsi, ↓0%–38%	Fiber CSA, ↓0%–31%
			↓21%	Liver, ↓15%		Zhang et al. (2021)
Neonate	Baboon		↓10%	Heart, ND		Kuo et al. (2018)
	Rat		↓11%			Chen et al. (2016)
			ND	Brain, ND	Liver, ND	Sadiq et al. (1999)
			↓14%			Desai et al. (2009)
			↓11%	Liver, ↓14%		He et al. (2018)
			↓4%			Gosby et al. (2009)
			↓12%			Tree et al. (2016)
			↓36%			Xing et al. (2019)
	Mouse		↓8%			Chisaka et al. (2015)
Maternal Overnutrition
Fetus	Sheep	↓46%	↓34%	Brain, ↓9%	Liver, ↓36%	Wallace et al. (2003)
			↓26%			Wallace et al. (2008)
Neonate	Sheep		↓33%			Wallace et al. (2008)
		↓43%	↓42%			Wallace et al. (2020)
Maternofetal Inflammation
Fetus	Rat		↓8%	Hindlimb CSA, ↓14%		Cadaret et al. (2019a)
	Sheep		↓22%	Brain, ND	Kidney, ↓23%	Cadaret et al. (2019b)
				Liver, ↓8%	Lungs, ↓9%
				Heart, ↓8%
Neonate	Sheep		↓18%	Brain, ND	Kidney, ↓16%	Posont et al. (2021)
				Liver, ↓9%	Lungs, ↓14%
				Heart, ↓24%
Maternal Heat Stress
Fetus	Sheep	↓55%	↓43%	Brain, ↓14%	Liver, ↓47%	Brown et al. (2012)
				Carcass, ↓48%
		↓47%	↓40%			Brown et al. (2015)
			↓40%	Biceps femoris, ↓45%	Tibialis anterior, ↓48%	Chang et al. (2019a)
				Flexor dig. superficialis, ↓48%	Fiber CSA, ↓37%
				Fiber no., ↓32%
		↓36%	↓36%	Brain, ↓11%	Kidney, ↓29%	Chang et al. (2021)
				Liver, ↓27%	Lungs, ↓34%
				Heart, ↓28%	Pancreas, ↓21%
				Spleen, ↓32%	Tibialis anterior, ↓35%
				Flexor dig. superficialis, ↓33%	Gastrocnemius, ↓37%
				Extensor dig. longus, ↓57%	Soleus, ↓58%
				Fiber CSA, ↓36%	Fiber no., ↓40%
			↓26%	Brain, ↓9%	Kidney, ↓24%	Lacey et al. (2021)
				Liver, ↓9%	Lungs, ↓25%
				Heart, ↓22%	Hindlimb, ↓23%
				Semitendinosus, ↓26%	Soleus, ↓42%
				Flexor dig. superficialis, ↓36%	L. dorsi, ↓25%
			↓58%	Pancreas, ↓59%		Limesand et al. (2005)
		↓60%	↓55%			Limesand et al. (2006)
		↓40%	↓15%	Brain, ND	Liver, ↓22%	Limesand et al. (2013)
				Pancreas, ↓8%
		↓38%	↓3%	Brain, ND	Liver, ND	Macko et al. (2013)
		↓68%	↓53%	Brain, ↓15%	Semitendinosus, ↓51%	Pendleton et al. (2019)
				Biceps femoris, ↓50%
Maternal Heat Stress (Cont’d)
Fetus	Sheep	↓51%	↓42%			Regnault et al. (2003)
		↓54%	↓56%	Pancreas, ↓42%		Rozance et al. (2015)
		↓42%	↓41%	Brain, ↓14%	Hindlimb, ↓46%	Rozance et al. (2018)
				Biceps femoris, ↓45%	Gastrocnemius., ↓45%
				Flexor dig. superficialis, ↓48%	Tibialis anterior, ↓48%
				Extensor dig. longus, ↓45%
			↓36%	Bicpes femoris, ↓32%	Gastrocnemius., ↓32%	Soto et al. (2017)
				Tibialis anterior, ↓23%	Soleus, ↓25%
		↓60%	↓56%	Liver, ↓62%		Thorn et al. (2009)
		↓41%	↓38%			Thorn et al. (2013)
		↓53%	↓35%	Liver, ↓43%	Heart, ↓38%	Wai et al. (2018)
				Kidney, ↓47%	Pancreas, ↓14%
				Spleen, ↓43%	Biceps femoris, ↓34%
				Flexor dig. superficialis, ↓48%	Tibialis anterior, ↓35%
				Extensor dig. longus, ↓33%	Gastrocnemius, ↓37%
		↓70%	↓68%			Yates et al. (2014)
		↓56%	↓55%			Yates et al. (2016)
Neonate	Sheep	↓50%	↓21%			Chen et al. (2010)
			↓33%			Yates et al. (2019)
			↓21%	Brain, ND	Liver, ND	Cadaret et al. (2022)
				Heart, ↓37%	Lungs, ↓9%
				Kidney, ↓13%	Hindlimb, ↓32%
				Flexor dig. superficialis, ↓19%
Juvenile	Sheep		↓12%	Brain, ND	Liver, ↓13%	Gibbs et al. (2021)
				Heart, ↓29%	Lungs, ↓29%
				Kidney, ↓15%	Hindlimb, ↓17%
				Flexor dig. superficialis, ↓22%	L. dorsi CSA, ↓14%
				Fiber CSA, ↓21%
Carunclectomy
Fetus	Sheep	↓65%	↓33%	Brain, ↓9%	Liver, ↓51%	Poudel et al. (2015)
				Heart, ↓36%	Kidney, ↓29%
				Lungs, ↓40%	Pancreas, ↓32%
				Spleen, ↓52%
Neonate	Sheep		↓26%	Fat, ND	Adipocyte CSA, ND	Duffield et al. (2009)
		↓39%	↓25%	Fat, ↑40%	Semitendinosus, ↓18%	De Blasio et al. (2007a)
				Biceps femoris, ND	Flexor capri, ↓49%
				Gastrocnemius, ↓18%	Tibialis anterior, ↓32%
				Soleus, ND	Vastus lateralis, ↓30%
				Extensor dig. longus, ND
Juvenile	Sheep		ND	Fat, ↑49%		De Blasio et al. (2007b)
Uterine Artery Ligation
Fetus	Rat		↓26%	Brain, ND	Liver, ↓26%	Sadiq et al. (1999)
	Sheep	↓27%–34%	↓15%–33%	Brain, ↓0%–6%	Liver, ↓28%–36%	Lang et al. (2000)
				Heart, ↓16%–31%	Lungs, ↓11%–27%
			↓16%	Lungs, ↓10%		Sutherland et al. (2012)
Neonate	Rat		ND	Brain, ND	Liver, ↓7%	Sadiq et al. (1999)
Uterine Overcrowding
Neonate	Pig		↓40%	Brain, ↓12%	Liver, ↓45%	Felicioni et al. (2020)
				Heart, ↓36%	Semitendinosus, ↓52%
				Semitendinosus CSA, ↓14%	Fiber CSA, ↓16%
				Fiber no., ↓32%
			↓47%			Niu et al. (2019)

CSA, cross-sectional area; ND, not different.