Table 1.

Examples of auricular stimulation described in clinical trials.

Auricular electric vagal stimulation (AEVS)
Auricular neurostimulation percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation (PENFS)
Auricular acupuncture
Auricular acupressure
Auricular plaster therapy
Auricular point sticking
Auricular reflexotherapy
Auricular-pressing pill
Auriculomedicine
Daith piercing
Dense cranial electroacupuncture stimulation (DCEAS)
Ear point taping and pressing therapy combined with acupoint-injection
Ear points’ pressing
Ear pressure plaster
Ear-clips
Electrical auricula-vagus-stimulation
He-Ne laser auricular irradiation Intrinsic auricular muscles zone stimulation (IAMZS)
Laser reflexotherapy (only BA?)
Liquid ear acupuncture
Low level transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation
Low-level tragus stimulation
Low-level tragus stimulation (LLTS)
Low-level transcutaneous electrical vagus nerve stimulation Low level laser therapy (LLLT)
Motor-activated auricular vagus nerve stimulation (MAAVNS) system
Non-vagal auricular stimulation (NVAS)
Otoacupoint pellet pressure
Otopoint-penetrative needling
Photobiomodulation on auriculotherapy points
Photoelectric stimulation of defined ear points
Respiratory-gated auricular vagal afferent nerve stimulation (RAVANS)
Staplepuncture surgical staple implanted in the concha of the ear
Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS)
Vibrotactile treatment