Table 1.
Population characteristics and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among 617 MADRES participants.
| Population characteristics | N (%) | n of GDM (risk, %) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (denominator) | 617 (100) | 60 (9.7) | – |
| Maternal age, year, mean (SD) | 28.24 (5.9) | 31.1 (5.3) | 0.93 |
| Enrollment timepoint | |||
| Regular entry (<20 weeks) | 463 (75.0) | 47 (10.2) | 0.54 |
| Late entry (20+ weeks) | 154 (25.0) | 13 (8.4) | |
| Language used during interview | |||
| English | 415 (67.3) | 31 (7.5) | 0.02 |
| Spanish | 202 (32.7) | 29 (14.4) | |
| Maternal country origin | |||
| Latin Americaa | 229 (37.1) | 29 (12.7) | 0.13 |
| North Americaa | 298 (48.3) | 22 (7.4) | |
| Others | 90 (14.6) | 9 (10.0) | |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-hispanic white | 37 (6.0) | 2 (5.4) | 0.88 |
| Non-hispanic black | 73 (11.8) | 7 (9.6) | |
| Hispanic | 485 (78.6) | 49 (10.1) | |
| Non-hispanic multiracial | 6 (1.0) | 0 (0) | |
| Non-hispanic others | 16 (2.6) | 2 (12.5) | |
| Cohabitation status | |||
| Cohabitate with spouse or partner | 392 (63.5) | 42 (10.7) | 0.55 |
| Non-cohabitate | 136 (22.0) | 11 (8.1) | |
| Missing/decline to respond | 89 (14.4) | 7 (7.9) | |
| Annual household income | |||
| <$15,000 | 121 (19.6) | 18 (14.9) | 0.029 |
| $15,000-$29,000 | 155 (25.1) | 16 (10.3) | |
| ≥$30,000 | 143 (23.2) | 16 (11.2) | |
| Unknown | 198 (32.1) | 10 (5.1) | |
| Education | |||
| Below 12th grade | 153 (24.8) | 21 (13.7) | 0.20 |
| Completed 12th grade | 190 (30.8) | 13 (6.8) | |
| Some college | 169 (27.4) | 16 (9.5) | |
| College or above | 105 (17.0) | 10 (9.5) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | |||
| Normal/underweight (<25 kg/m2) | 205 (33.2) | 8 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| Overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2) | 194 (31.4) | 14 (7.2) | |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 218 (35.3) | 38 (17.4) | |
| GDM history | |||
| No | 591 (95.8) | 48 (8.1) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 19 (3.1) | 11 (57.9) | |
| Missing | 7 (1.1) | 1 (14.3) | |
| Prenatal depression | |||
| No | 385 (62.4) | 40 (10.4) | 0.75 |
| Yes | 179 (29.0) | 15 (8.4) | |
| Missing | 53 (8.6) | 5 (9.4) | |
| Parity | |||
| First born | 200 (32.4) | 15 (7.5) | 0.14 |
| Second born | 178 (28.9) | 15 (8.4) | |
| Third or later born | 169 (27.4) | 24 (14.2) | |
| Missing | 70 (11.4) | 6 (8.6) | |
| Newborn sex | |||
| Female | 316 (51.2) | 26 (8.3) | 0.41 |
| Male | 301 (48.8) | 34 (11.3) |
Note: P value is for a comparison between GDM cases and non-cases.
BMI = body mass index.
a
Latin America includes participants from Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Medico, Nicaragua, and Venezuela; North America includes US and Canada.