Table 6.
Ordinal logistic regression for predictors of DASS-21 among participants
| Variables | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| ≤ 35 | 0.8 (0.55, 1.18) | 0.27 | 0.9 (0.61, 1.31) | 0.57 | 0.77 (0.5, 1.19) | 0.24 | ||||||
| 36–50 | 0.8 (0.55, 1.16) | 0.23 | 0.85 (0.59, 1.23) | 0.39 | 0.76 (0.5, 1.15) | 0.20 | ||||||
| > 50 | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 0.91 (0.65, 1.25) | 0.55 | 0.98 (0.71, 1.35) | 0.90 | 0.89 (0.61, 1.3) | 0.56 | ||||||
| Female | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Single | 1.23 (0.77, 1.95) | 0.38 | 1.74 (1.01, 2.99) | 0.046 | 1.04 (0.67, 1.61) | 0.87 | 1.25 (0.73, 2.13) | 0.42 | ||||
| Married | 1.52 (1, 2.33) | 0.051 | 1.33 (0.86, 2.06) | 0.20 | 1.04 (0.69, 1.56) | 0.85 | 1.36 (0.83, 2.24) | 0.22 | ||||
| Divorced/widowed | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Having children | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.49 (1.12, 1.99) | 0.006 | 1.8 (1.16, 2.8) | 0.009 | 1.25 (0.94, 1.65) | 0.12 | 1.23 (0.92, 1.63) | 0.16 | 1.39 (1, 1.93) | 0.052 | 1.42 (1.01, 2) | 0.04 |
| No | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Level of education | ||||||||||||
| Under diploma | 0.92 (0.47, 1.79) | 0.80 | 17.4 (16.72, 18.08) | < 0.001 | 0.6 (0.31, 1.16) | 0.13 | 16.21 (15.53, 16.91) | < 0.001 | 0.66 (0.31, 1.43) | 0.29 | 8.93 (0.25, 318.88) | 0.23 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.62 (0.43, 0.91) | 0.01 | 17.01 (16.58, 17.45) | < 0.001 | 0.46 (0.32, 0.67) | < 0.001 | 15.94 (15.51, 16.37) | < 0.001 | 0.54 (0.36, 0.82) | 0.004 | 7.57 (0.2, 292.05) | 0.28 |
| Master’s/PhD degree | 1.17(0.7, 1.97) | 0.55 | 17.59 (16.98, 18.2) | < 0.001 | 0.73 (0.43, 1.23) | 0.23 | 16.35 (15.75, 16.96) | < 0.001 | 1.1 (0.62, 1.92) | 0.75 | 14.29 (0.36, 568.58) | 0.16 |
| Doctorate (general and specialist doctor)/pharmacy | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Working in isolated units | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.15 (0.74, 1.8) | 0.51 | 1.13 (0.73, 1.75) | 0.57 | 1.23 (0.75, 2.01) | 0.42 | ||||||
| No | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Occupation | ||||||||||||
| General or special professional doctor/pharmacist | 1.2 (0.61, 2.36) | 0.59 | 17.54 16.75, 18.8) | < 0.001 | 1.81 (0.93, 3.54) | 0.08 | 16.8 (16.5, 17.12) | < 0.001 | 1.71 (0.78, 3.76) | 0.18 | 15.63 (0.42, 582.9) | 0.14 |
| Nurse/midwife | 0.87 (0.46, 1.62) | 0.65 | 1.14 (0.8, 1.62) | 0.48 | 0.95 (0.52, 1.76) | 0.88 | 1.3 (0.89, 1.91) | 0.17 | 1.16 (0.56, 2.43) | 0.69 | 1.39 (0.88, 2.21) | 0.16 |
| Techniciana | 0.72 (0.37, 1.38) | 0.13 | – | – | 0.75 (0.39, 1.42) | 0.37 | – | – | 0.79 (0.36, 1.73) | 0.56 | – | – |
| Support staffsb | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Working hours with COVID patient | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 1.43 (0.95, 2.15) | 0.09 | 1.51 (1.02, 2.25) | 0.04 | 1.42 (0.93, 2.18) | 0.11 | 1.57 (0.97, 2.52) | 0.06 | 2.27 (0.38, 13.67) | 0.37 | ||
| 1–2 | 1.26 (0.82, 1.93) | 0.29 | 1.25 (0.82, 1.89) | 0.30 | 1.23 (0.76, 2) | 0.39 | 1.14 (0.68, 1.89) | 0.62 | 1.24 (0.68, 2.25) | 0.48 | ||
| 2–6 | 1.37 (0.89, 2.09) | 0.15 | 1.42 (0.94, 2.14) | 0.10 | 1.37 (0.89, 2.1) | 0.15 | 1.52 (0.93, 2.48) | 0.10 | 1.55 (0.92, 2.59) | 0.10 | ||
| > 6 | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Category by patient contact | ||||||||||||
| Direct | 0.87 (0.64, 1.19) | 0.38 | 0.81 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.19 | 0.8 (0.56, 1.13) | 0.20 | 1.39 (0.25, 7.9) | 0.71 | ||||
| Indirect | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Years of experience | ||||||||||||
| < 5 | 0.93 (0.64, 1.34) | 1.03 (0.72, 1.48) | 0.85 | 0.98 (0.64, 1.51) | 0.94 | |||||||
| 5–10 | 1.21 (0.83, 1.76) | 1.29 (0.89, 1.86) | 0.18 | 1.25 (0.82, 1.91) | 0.30 | |||||||
| > 10 | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| History of physical illness | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.11 (0.68, 1.79) | 0.68 | 1.22 (0.76, 1.97) | 0.40 | 1 (0.57, 1.74) | 0.99 | ||||||
| No | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| History of psychiatric disorders | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.17 (0.54, 2.52) | 0.70 | 1.1 (0.52, 2.35) | 0.80 | 1.28 (0.55, 2.99) | 0.57 | ||||||
| No | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
aTechnicians: operating room, laboratory, radiology
bSupport staffs: cleaners, ambulance drivers, and administrators