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. 2023 Sep 18;15:72. doi: 10.1186/s13073-023-01218-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Spatial transcriptomics analysis of HCC samples treated with cabozantinib and nivolumab. A Experimental workflow. B Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained images of the samples profiled and the spatial clusters for responders. C H&E and spatial clusters for non-responders. D Tumor-, immune-, and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) composition in each responder sample as determined by spatial transcriptomics. E Tumor-, immune-, and CAF proportions in non-responders samples. To quantify the cell proportions of tumor, immune, and CAF in each patient, the multiple clusters that were classified as the same type were merged into one major category