Table 1.
Participant demographic characteristics.
| Characteristics | Total (N = 1,551) | Lactational mastitis | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (N = 1,404) | Yes (N = 147) | |||
| Maternal age | 0.39 | |||
| <35 years | 1,329 (85.7%) | 1,207 (86.0%) | 122 (83.0%) | |
| ≥35 years | 222 (14.3%) | 197 (14.0%) | 25 (17.0%) | |
| Education levels | 0.19 | |||
| Junior high school or below | 60 (3.9%) | 56 (4.0%) | 4 (2.7%) | |
| High school | 115 (7.4%) | 109 (7.8%) | 6 (4.1%) | |
| Bachelor’s degree or above | 1,376 (88.7%) | 1,239 (88.2%) | 137 (93.2%) | |
| Employment status during pregnancy | 0.52 | |||
| Employed | 1,229 (79.2%) | 1,116 (79.5%) | 113 (76.9%) | |
| Unemployed | 322 (20.8%) | 288 (20.5%) | 34 (23.1%) | |
| Prenatal depressive disorder | 8 (0.5%) | 8 (0.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.00 |
| Smoking during pregnancy | 11 (0.7%) | 11 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.61 |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | 32 (2.1%) | 26 (1.9%) | 6 (4.1%) | 0.12 |
| Parity | 0.71 | |||
| Nulliparous | 1,123 (72.4%) | 1,019 (72.6%) | 104 (70.7%) | |
| Multiparous | 428 (27.6%) | 385 (27.4%) | 43 (29.3) | |
| Maternal comorbidities | 354 (22.8%) | 324 (23.1%) | 30 (20.4%) | 0.53 |
| Delivery modality | 0.67 | |||
| Cesarean | 622 (40.1%) | 566 (40.3%) | 56 (38.1%) | |
| Vaginal | 929 (59.9%) | 838 (59.7%) | 91 (61.9%) | |
| Preterm births | 109 (7.0%) | 99 (7.1%) | 10 (6.8%) | 1.00 |
| Neonatal sex | 0.74 | |||
| Female | 775 (50.0%) | 704 (50.1%) | 71 (48.3%) | |
| Male | 776 (50.0%) | 700 (49.9%) | 76 (51.7%) | |
| Breastfeeding status within 42 days | 0.78 | |||
| Exclusive | 858 (55.3%) | 780 (55.6%) | 78 (53.1%) | |
| Complementary | 592 (38.2%) | 532 (37.9%) | 60 (40.8%) | |
| Never | 101 (6.5%) | 92 (6.5%) | 9 (6.1%) | |
Data are presented as numbers (%).