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. 2023 Sep 4;10:1214734. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1214734

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Copyright © 2023 Musazadeh, Alinejad, Esfahani, Kavyani, Keramati, Roshanravan, Mosharkesh and Dehghan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematics of proposed pathway for beneficial effects of L-carnitine on lipid parameters. L-carnitine enhanced the mitochondrial oxidation (beta-oxidation) of long Chain-Acyl CoA. Carnitine can reduce the availability of free fatty acids (FFAs), diminish conversion of FFAs to triglycerides. L-carnitine can affect cholesterol synthesis pathway (mevalonate pathway) via inhibition of β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase activity. Carnitine can improve lipid profile by modifying the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism signaling including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR α & γ), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α). Also, carnitine can protect LDLs from oxidative stress and promotes the synthesis of HDL via increment in Apo-A1 level. Carnitine Acylcarnitine translocase (CACT); Carnitine palmitoyi transferase II (CPT2); Carnitine palmitoyi transferase I (CPT1); Long Acyl-CoA synthetase (LACS).