Table 3.
Minimally adjusted associations of neighborhood attributes and risk of incident CVD with each neighborhood attribute modeled separately in the Pathways Heart Study
| Neighborhood attributes | N participants (%) | N CVD events | HR* | 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social Environment | ||||||
| Neighborhood SES a | ||||||
| Quintile 1: low (score < -0.9) | 187 | (4.7) | 27 | 1.38 | 0.84 | 2.26 |
| Quintile 2 (-0.9 to -0.3) | 469 | (11.8) | 51 | 1.31 | 0.90 | 1.91 |
| Quintile 3 (-0.4 to 0.2) | 818 | (20.6) | 67 | 1.04 | 0.75 | 1.44 |
| Quintile 4 (-.3 to 0.9) | 1167 | (29.4) | 96 | 1.10 | 0.83 | 1.46 |
| Quintile 5: high (>0.9) | 1334 | (33.6) | 99 | 1.00 | ||
| P trend | 0.1456 | |||||
| Percent Hispanic residents a | ||||||
| Quintile 1: low (<11.0 %) | 1382 | (34.7) | 117 | 1.20 | 0.52 | 2.77 |
| Quintile 2 (11.0–20.4%) | 1221 | (30.7) | 95 | 1.10 | 0.48 | 2.52 |
| Quintile 3 (20.5–36.3%) | 879 | (22.1) | 73 | 1.18 | 0.51 | 2.71 |
| Quintile 4 (36.4–62.4%) | 399 | (10) | 49 | 1.79 | 0.77 | 4.15 |
| Quintile 5: high (>62.4%) | 94 | (2.4) | 6 | 1.00 | ||
| P trend | 0.2134 | |||||
| Percent Asian American/Pacific Islander residents a | ||||||
| Quintile 1: low (<2.0%) | 229 | (5.8) | 23 | 1.44 | 0.90 | 2.30 |
| Quintile 2 (2.0–4.8%) | 581 | (14.6) | 69 | 1.53 | 1.09 | 2.15 |
| Quintile 3 (4.9–9.2%) | 792 | (19.9) | 81 | 1.42 | 1.03 | 1.95 |
| Quintile 4 (9.3–18.8%) | 1027 | (25.8) | 71 | 1.10 | 0.80 | 1.52 |
| Quintile 5: high (>18.8%) | 1346 | (33.9) | 96 | 1.00 | ||
| P trend | 0.0057 | |||||
| Percent Non-Hispanic Black residents a | ||||||
| Quintile 1: low (<0.7%) | 568 | (14.3) | 53 | 0.92 | 0.64 | 1.33 |
| Quintile 2 (0.7–1.5%) | 814 | (20.5) | 74 | 0.99 | 0.71 | 1.38 |
| Quintile 3 (1.6–3.1%) | 863 | (21.7) | 63 | 0.78 | 0.56 | 1.10 |
| Quintile 4 (3.2–7.5%) | 708 | (17.8) | 54 | 0.87 | 0.60 | 1.25 |
| Quintile 5: high (>7.5%) | 1022 | (25.7) | 96 | 1.00 | ||
| P trend | 0.8850 | |||||
| Percent Non-Hispanic White residents a | ||||||
| Quintile 1: low (<12.2%) | 250 | (6.3) | 21 | 0.95 | 0.55 | 1.66 |
| Quintile 2 (12.2–32.1%) | 715 | (18.0) | 59 | 0.92 | 0.64 | 1.32 |
| Quintile 3 (32.2–53.7%) | 980 | (24.7) | 80 | 0.93 | 0.68 | 1.27 |
| Quintile 4 (53.8–72.0%) | 1024 | (25.8) | 80 | 0.87 | 0.65 | 1.17 |
| Quintile 5: high (>72.0%) | 1006 | (25.3) | 100 | 1.00 | ||
| P trend | 0.7591 | |||||
| Percent foreign born residents a | ||||||
| Quintile 1: low (<12.7%) | 938 | (23.6) | 97 | 1.00 | ||
| Quintile 2 (12.7–20.1%) | 984 | (24.8) | 86 | 0.90 | 0.67 | 1.21 |
| Quintile 3 (20.2–29.3%) | 944 | (23.8) | 80 | 0.84 | 0.62 | 1.14 |
| Quintile 4 (29.4–40.9%) | 631 | (15.9) | 43 | 0.72 | 0.49 | 1.04 |
| Quintile 5: high (>40.9%) | 478 | (12.0) | 34 | 0.74 | 0.48 | 1.15 |
| P trend | 0.0683 | |||||
| Neighborhood crime index a | ||||||
| Quartile 1: low (<45) | 1392 | (35.0) | 108 | 1.00 | ||
| Quartile 2 (45–80) | 1042 | (26.2) | 88 | 0.99 | 0.74 | 1.31 |
| Quartile 3 (81–146) | 769 | (19.4) | 65 | 0.98 | 0.72 | 1.34 |
| Quartile 4: high (>146) | 773 | (19.5) | 79 | 1.31 | 0.97 | 1.76 |
| P trend | 0.0803 | |||||
| Built Environment | ||||||
| Urbanization | ||||||
| Metropolitan urban | 407 | (10.2) | 30 | 1.00 | ||
| Suburban (metro areas) | 2247 | (56.5) | 183 | 1.10 | 0.74 | 1.63 |
| City outside of metro areas | 1085 | (27.3) | 110 | 1.45 | 0.95 | 2.21 |
| Small town/Rural | 236 | (5.9) | 17 | 1.00 | 0.55 | 1.82 |
| P value (type 3) | 0.0821 | |||||
| Population densitya (residents per square mile) | ||||||
| Quartile 1: low (<1245) | 1039 | (26.1) | 93 | 1.00 | ||
| Quartile 2 (1245–2673) | 1245 | (31.3) | 107 | 0.97 | 0.73 | 1.29 |
| Quartile 3 (2674–4429) | 1023 | (25.7) | 85 | 0.91 | 0.68 | 1.24 |
| Quartile 4: high (>4429) | 668 | (16.8) | 55 | 0.97 | 0.69 | 1.37 |
| P trend | 0.7291 | |||||
| Proportion commuting by car/motorcycle b | ||||||
| Quintile 1: low (<76%) | 787 | (19.8) | 55 | 1.00 | ||
| Quintile 2 (76–83%) | 795 | (20.0) | 83 | 1.15 | 0.79 | 1.68 |
| Quintile 3 (83–87%) | 810 | (20.4) | 74 | 1.40 | 0.97 | 2.00 |
| Quintile 4 (88–90%) | 799 | (20.1) | 64 | 1.51 | 1.07 | 2.13 |
| Quintile 5: high (>90%) | 784 | (19.7) | 64 | 1.28 | 0.88 | 1.88 |
| P trend | 0.7172 | |||||
| Traffic densityb (vehicle miles traveled per square mile) | ||||||
| Quintile 1: low (<0.05) | 789 | (19.9) | 59 | 1.00 | ||
| Quintile 2 (0.05 –0.16) | 798 | (20.1) | 68 | 1.03 | 0.73 | 1.52 |
| Quintile 3 (0.17–0.31) | 810 | (20.4) | 67 | 1.07 | 0.76 | 1.52 |
| Quintile 4 (0.32–0.64) | 796 | (20.0) | 73 | 1.10 | 0.77 | 1.56 |
| Quintile 5: high (>0.64) | 782 | (19.7) | 73 | 1.22 | 0.86 | 1.74 |
| P trend | 0.2467 | |||||
| Distance to major roads b | ||||||
| Quintile 1: low proximity (far from road) (>1520 m) | 794 | (20.0) | 61 | 1.00 | ||
| Quintile 2 (821–1520) | 793 | (20.0) | 68 | 1.17 | 0.83 | 1.65 |
| Quintile 3 (483–820) | 797 | (20.1) | 60 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 1.43 |
| Quintile 4 (241–482) | 796 | (20.0) | 82 | 1.36 | 0.97 | 1.90 |
| Quintile 5: high proximity (close to road) (<241) | 795 | (20.0) | 69 | 1.29 | 0.91 | 1.83 |
| P trend | 0.4422 | |||||
| Street connectivity b | ||||||
| Quintile 1: low (<0.38) | 810 | (20.4) | 59 | 1.00 | ||
| Quintile 2 (0.38–041) | 788 | (19.8) | 58 | 0.98 | 0.68 | 1.42 |
| Quintile 3 (0.42–0.44) | 800 | (20.1) | 81 | 1.43 | 1.02 | 2.02 |
| Quintile 4 (0.45–0.48) | 788 | (19.8) | 73 | 1.18 | 0.82 | 1.67 |
| Quintile 5: high (>0.48) | 789 | (19.9) | 69 | 1.18 | 0.83 | 1.68 |
| P trend | 0.2160 | |||||
| Number of businesses c | ||||||
| Quintile 1: low (<46) | 788 | (19.8) | 69 | 1.00 | ||
| Quintile 2 (46–105) | 794 | (20.0) | 60 | 0.84 | 0.59 | 1.19 |
| Quintile 3 (106–210) | 803 | (20.2) | 79 | 1.12 | 0.80 | 1.56 |
| Quintile 4 (>210) | 787 | (19.8) | 73 | 1.06 | 0.76 | 1.48 |
| Quintile 5: high | 803 | (20.2) | 59 | 0.86 | 0.61 | 1.22 |
| P trend | 0.9248 | |||||
| Number of recreational facilities c | ||||||
| Quintile 1: low (none) | 524 | (13.2) | 43 | 1.00 | ||
| Quintile 2 (0.25–0.5) | 874 | (22.0) | 81 | 1.05 | 0.73 | 1.53 |
| Quintile 3 (0.75–1.25) | 983 | (24.7) | 81 | 1.00 | 0.69 | 1.45 |
| Quintile 4 (1.5–2. 8) | 811 | (20.4) | 70 | 1.13 | 0.78 | 1.65 |
| Quintile 5: high (>2.8) | 783 | (19.7) | 65 | 1.03 | 0.70 | 1.51 |
| P trend | 0.7948 | |||||
| Retail Food Environment Index c | ||||||
| 0 | 296 | (7.5) | 26 | 1.00 | ||
| <1 | 1561 | (39.3) | 127 | 0.79 | 0.51 | 1.22 |
| ≥ 1 | 1675 | (42.1) | 149 | 0.94 | 0.61 | 1.42 |
| No retail food | 443 | (11.1) | 38 | 0.81 | 0.49 | 1.35 |
| P type 3 | 0.4840 | |||||
| Restaurant Environment Index c | ||||||
| None | 1081 | (27.2) | 96 | 1.00 | ||
| Some, less than median | 1264 | (31.8) | 95 | 0.87 | 0.65 | 1.16 |
| Some, above median | 1225 | (30.8) | 119 | 1.10 | 0.84 | 1.45 |
| No businesses | 405 | (10.2) | 30 | 0.84 | 0.56 | 1.27 |
| P type 3 | 0.2879 | |||||
| Parks c | ||||||
| None | 1050 | (26.4) | 98 | 1.00 | ||
| 1 park | 1057 | (26.6) | 90 | 0.98 | 0.73 | 1.31 |
| 2 parks | 831 | (20.9) | 66 | 0.88 | 0.64 | 1.22 |
| 3 parks or more | 1037 | (26.1) | 86 | 0.93 | 0.69 | 1.25 |
| P trend | 0.5313 | |||||
*
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity (Pacific Islander, American Indian, Alaska Native combined as “other” category), education, household income, family history of breast cancer, and menopausal status.
a
Statewide quartiles/quintiles
b
Study-specific quartiles/quintiles
c
Within 1600 meter walking network distance