Table 2.
Cost-effectiveness to improve child cognitive development by household wealth quintile and mother’s education level (base-case)
| Adjusted for cluster effects | Adjusted for cluster effects and baseline characteristicsb | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | Difference | Difference | |||||
| Mean | (95% CI) | Mean | (95% CI) | Mean | (95% CI) | Mean | (95% CI) | |
| Child cognitive score by household wealth | ||||||||
| Quintile 1 (poorest) | 98.6 | (96.8 to 100.3) | 93.2 | (91.5 to 95.0) | 5.3 | (2.8 to 7.8) | 6.8 | (3.8 to 9.9) |
| Quintile 2 | 99.4 | (97.8 to 100.9) | 95.4 | (93.8 to 97.0) | 4.0 | (1.8 to 6.2) | 6.7 | (4.0 to 9.3) |
| Quintile 3 | 99.3 | (97.1 to 101.5) | 95.9 | (93.9 to 97.9) | 3.4 | (0.5 to 6.4) | 5.3 | (1.6 to 9.0) |
| Quintile 4 | 100.8 | (98.8 to 102.8) | 96.6 | (94.4 to 98.9) | 4.2 | (1.2 to 7.2) | 4.1 | (0.9 to 7.3) |
| Quintile 5 (richest) | 99.9 | (98.0 to 101.9) | 97.3 | (95.0 to 99.6) | 2.7 | (−0.3 to 5.7) | 3.1 | (−0.9 to 7.2) |
| Child cognitive score by mother’s education | ||||||||
| Secondary or lower | 97.6 | (96.3 to 98.8) | 93.5 | (92.1 to 94.8) | 4.1 | (2.3 to 5.9) | 5.3 | (3.3 to 7.3) |
| High school | 100.3 | (98.7 to 101.8) | 95.2 | (93.5 to 96.8) | 5.1 | (2.9 to 7.4) | 6.0 | (2.9 to 9.1) |
| College/university degree and higher | 101.5 | (99.8 to 103.3) | 98.6 | (96.7 to 100.4) | 3.0 | (0.4 to 5.5) | 5.1 | (2.1 to 8.1) |
| Out-of-pocket healthcare cost by household wealth | ||||||||
| Quintile 1 (poorest) | $131 | (6 to 257) | $158 | (33 to 283) | −$27 | (−204 to 151) | −$96 | (−252 to 62) |
| Quintile 2 | $123 | (14 to 231) | $184 | (68 to 301) | −$62 | (−221 to 98) | −$116 | (−347 to 115) |
| Quintile 3 | $161 | (71 to 252) | $126 | (37 to 215) | $35 | (−92 to 162) | −$24 | (−173 to 126) |
| Quintile 4 | $169 | (113 to 224) | $107 | (43 to 170) | $62 | (−23 to 146) | $24 | (−90 to 138) |
| Quintile 5 (richest) | $171 | (43 to 300) | $195 | (47 to 344) | −$24 | (−219 to 172) | −$8 | (−219 to 203) |
| Out-of-pocket healthcare cost by mother’s education | ||||||||
| Secondary or lower | $114 | (26 to 201) | $215 | (121 to 309) | −$101 | (−230 to 28) | −$58 | (−188 to 72) |
| High school | $165 | (98 to 232) | $125 | (56 to 193) | $40 | (−56 to 136) | $56 | (−96 to 209) |
| College/university degree and higher | $185 | (110 to 259) | $109 | (25 to 193) | $76 | (−37 to 189) | −$20 | (−119 to 79) |
| Intervention cost per child a | ||||||||
| Start-up and recurrent cost | $273 | $273 | $273 | |||||
| Recurrent cost | $58 | $58 | $58 | |||||
| Based on start-up and recurrent cost | Based on recurrent cost | |||||||
| ICER per cognitive score gained | Adjusted for cluster effects | Adjusted for cluster effects and baseline characteristics | Adjusted for cluster effects | Adjusted for cluster effects and baseline characteristics | ||||
| Household wealth quintile | ||||||||
| Intervention and out-of-pocket healthcare cost | ||||||||
| Quintile 1 (poorest) | $46 | $26 | $6 | −$6 | ||||
| Quintile 2 | $53 | $24 | −$1 | −$9 | ||||
| Quintile 3 | $89 | $47 | $27 | $7 | ||||
| Quintile 4 | $80 | $73 | $29 | $20 | ||||
| Quintile 5 (richest) | $94 | $84 | $13 | $16 | ||||
| Intervention cost only (without out-of-pocket healthcare cost) | ||||||||
| Quintile 1 (poorest) | $51 | $40 | $11 | $9 | ||||
| Quintile 2 | $68 | $41 | $15 | $9 | ||||
| Quintile 3 | $79 | $51 | $17 | $11 | ||||
| Quintile 4 | $65 | $67 | $14 | $14 | ||||
| Quintile 5 (richest) | $103 | $87 | $22 | $19 | ||||
| Mother’s education | ||||||||
| Intervention and out-of-pocket healthcare cost | ||||||||
| Secondary or lower | $42 | $41 | −$10 | −$0.02 | ||||
| High school | $61 | $55 | $19 | $19 | ||||
| College/university degree and higher | $118 | $50 | $45 | $7 | ||||
| Intervention cost only (without out-of-pocket healthcare cost) | ||||||||
| Secondary or lower | $67 | $52 | $14 | $11 | ||||
| High school | $53 | $45 | $11 | $10 | ||||
| College/university degree and higher | $92 | $54 | $20 | $11 | ||||
Costs are in US$ 2019.
a
Intervention cost data from the trial’s main cost-effectiveness study (Baek et al., 2023).
b
Outcome and cost by household wealth quintile are adjusted for the number of household members, parity, mother’s age, mother’s occupation, father’s age, father’s education, father’s occupation and mother’s education. Outcome and cost by mother’s education are adjusted for the number of household members, parity, mother’s age, mother’s occupation, father’s age, father’s education, father’s occupation and household wealth.