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. 2023 Sep 14;18:5243–5264. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S423412

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© 2023 Xin et al.

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Mechanistic illustration of algae against tumors. The illustration mainly consists of different categories of algae, engineering strategies, and anticancer mechanisms. Three engineering strategies, cell membrane coating, hydrogel loading and material modification, were adopted to realize sustained release, increased stability and enhanced biological properties for better anticancer activities. The anticancer mechanisms of algae include (1) direct cytotoxic effects, (2) drug delivery systems, and (3) relief of hypoxia and photodynamic therapy. Created with BioRender.com with enkaryotes and prokaryotes in the middle circle drawn by Adobe illulstrator.