Table 1.

Anticancer Mechanism of Algae Extracts

Algal Extract	Source	Mechanisms of Action	Types of Cancer Cells	Molecular Pathways
Fucoidan	Brown algae	Induce cell cycle arrest	Bladder cancer cells	Downregulation of Cyclin ECDK, CDK4.53
			T lymphoma cell	Activate Caspase 9.53
			Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells	Undefined activation.54
			Human breast cancer cell MCF-7	Activate Caspase 8, 9.54
		Induction of apoptosis	Human colon cancer cell	Upregulation of Levels of receptors Fas, DR5 and TRAIL.53
			Breast cancer cell	Downregulation of Antiapoptotic cellBcl-2.54
		Inhibit angiogenesis	4T1 mouse breast cancer cells	Downregulation of VEGF expression.53
		Inhibition of metastasis	Breast cancer cell	Suppressor P protein.29
		Signal pathway	HL-60 Leukemic cell	Promote ERK1/2 phosphorylation.32
Carotenoid	Microalgae	Block cell cycle	KATO-III and SNU-1 cell lines	Prevent cell proliferation.36
		Regulation of ERK and cell cycle mechanism proteins	KATO-III and SNU-1 cell lines	Increase the expression of p27 protein.55
Phycocyanin	Spirulina	Induce pathological changes and DNA fragmentation	HeLa and MCF7 cell lines	Upregulation of Fas, ICAM, Downregulation of Bcl2.33
Cucarin-A	Blue‒green microalgae	Inhibition of cell activity	Several types of tumor cells	Selectively inhibits several types of tumor cells.32