Table 5.
Multivariate Relationships Between Personal and Community Stressors and Neurocognitive Functioning, Ordinary Least Squares Standardized Betas
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
Model 5 |
Model 6 |
Model 7 |
Model 8 |
|||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ekman |
Raven |
Cambridge Decision-Making Task |
Tower of London |
Stroop |
Stop-Change |
Stop-Change |
Behavioral Dysreg. |
|||||||||||||||||
| Emotion Attribution |
Estimated IQ |
Risky Decisions |
Problem Solving |
Cognitive Flexibility |
Impulsivity: % Correct |
Impulsivity: Reaction Time |
ADHD Symptoms |
|||||||||||||||||
| β | SE | Unadj. p | β | SE | Unadj. p | β | SE | Unadj. p | β | SE | Unadj. p | β | SE | Unadj. p | β | SE | Unadj. p | β | SE | Unadj. p | β | SE | Unadj. p | |
| Personal stress | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Any abusea | .03 | (0.10) | .4741 | −.03 | (0.47) | .5605 | −.05 | (0.002) | .3473 | −.08 | (0.004) | .1215 | .08 | (0.05) | .1301 | −.03 | (0.004) | .5680 | −.06 | (0.91) | .2470 | .31*** | (0.16) | < .0001 |
| Any neglect | −.17*** | (0.06) | .0005 | −.10 | (0.30) | .0364 | .03 | (0.001) | .6252 | −.001 | (0.003) | .9867 | −.04 | (0.03) | .4132 | −.02 | (0.003) | .6661 | −.01 | (0.57) | .8994 | −.03 | (0.10) | .4675 |
| Parent stress | −.02 | (0.10) | .6827 | −.05 | (0.49) | .2814 | −.08 | (0.002) | .1012 | −.04 | (0.004) | .4358 | .01 | (0.05) | .8996 | −.06 | (0.005) | .1955 | −.07 | (0.95) | .1601 | .13** | (0.17) | .0018 |
| School stress | −.05 | (0.13) | .2604 | −.02 | (0.60) | .6795 | −.08 | (0.003) | .0923 | .01 | (0.005) | .8675 | −.05 | (0.06) | .3316 | −.03 | (0.005) | .5093 | −.07 | (1.17) | .1256 | .24*** | (0.20) | < .0001 |
| Community stress | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Neighborhood violence | .01 | (0.11) | .8876 | .06 | (0.52) | .2417 | .02 | (0.002) | .6521 | −.06 | (0.005) | .2311 | −.02 | (0.05) | .6591 | −.02 | (0.005) | .6156 | .04 | (1.00) | .4734 | .01 | (0.17) | .7776 |
| Neighborhood problems | −.03 | (0.07) | .5425 | −.02 | (0.33) | .7338 | .02 | (0.001) | .7264 | −.01 | (0.003) | .8859 | −.03 | (0.03) | .4892 | −.02 | (0.003) | .7118 | −.03 | (0.64) | .5164 | .08 | (0.11) | .0593 |
| Parent education | .19*** | (0.59) | < .0001 | .11* | (2.79) | .0105 | .06 | (0.01) | .1491 | .09 | (0.02) | .0429 | .02 | (0.28) | .6425 | .05 | (0.03) | .2938 | .08 | (5.39) | .0747 | −.03 | (0.94) | .4019 |
| R 2 | .09 | .05 | .03 | .03 | .03 | .05 | .03 | .23 | ||||||||||||||||
Note: N = 552. Models control for child age and parent education.
a.
Physical and emotional abuse and physical and emotional neglect were both correlated at r > .5; therefore, a combined measure of each type was used for the multivariate analyses to reduce multicollinearity concerns.
Adjusted alpha:
*
p < .0125.
**
p < .00625.
***
p < .00125.