Table 1.
Descriptive analysis of patient demographics and clinical characteristics for all encounters by patient's race.
| White (N = 11,995) | Asian/other race (N = 638) | Black/African American (N = 25,429) | Total (N = 38,062) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18–28 | 2,845 (23.7%) | 277 (43.4%) | 13,244 (52.1%) | 16,366 (43.0%) |
| 29–39 | 2,025 (16.9%) | 165 (25.9%) | 5,898 (23.2%) | 8,088 (21.2%) |
| 40–50 | 1,434 (12.0%) | 80 (12.5%) | 2,484 (9.8%) | 3,998 (10.5%) |
| 51–61 | 1,343 (11.2%) | 57 (8.9%) | 1,446 (5.7%) | 2,846 (7.5%) |
| ≥62 | 4,348 (36.2%) | 59 (9.2%) | 2,357 (9.3%) | 6,764 (17.8%) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Missing | 45 | 8 | 47 | 100 |
| Single | 4,320 (36.2%) | 333 (52.9%) | 20,603 (81.2%) | 25,256 (66.5%) |
| Married/life partner | 4,102 (34.3%) | 247 (39.2%) | 2,546 (10.0%) | 6,895 (18.2%) |
| Separated/divorced | 1,448 (12.1%) | 25 (4.0%) | 1,257 (5.0%) | 2,730 (7.2%) |
| Widowed | 2,080 (17.4%) | 25 (4.0%) | 976 (3.8%) | 3,081 (8.1%) |
| Documented primary care physician | ||||
| No | 6,576 (54.8%) | 469 (73.5%) | 19,949 (78.4%) | 26,994 (70.9%) |
| Yes | 5,419 (45.2%) | 169 (26.5%) | 5,480 (21.6%) | 11,068 (29.1%) |
| Pregnant | ||||
| No | 11, 406 (95.1%) | 543 (85.1%) | 21,421 (84.2%) | 33,370 (87.7%) |
| Yes | 589 (4.9%) | 95 (14.9%) | 4,008 (15.8%) | 4,692 (12.3%) |
| Emergency severity index | ||||
| Missing | 207 | 32 | 1,189 | 1,428 |
| 1 and 2 | 1,063 (9.0%) | 46 (7.6%) | 1,104 (4.6%) | 2,213 (6.0%) |
| 3 | 9,111 (77.3%) | 448 (73.9%) | 17,996 (74.2%) | 27,555 (75.2%) |
| 4 and 5 | 1,614 (13.7%) | 112 (18.5%) | 5,140 (21.2%) | 6,866 (18.7%) |
| Mechanism of ED arrival | ||||
| Missing | 112 | 4 | 131 | 247 |
| Private vehicle | 9,194 (77.4%) | 534 (84.2%) | 21,034 (83.1%) | 30,762 (81.3%) |
| EMS/Police | 2,596 (21.8%) | 81 (12.8%) | 3,153 (12.5%) | 5,830 (15.4%) |
| Public transport/on foot | 93 (0.8%) | 19 (3.0%) | 1,111 (4.4%) | 1,223 (3.2%) |
| Sex of primary ED provider | ||||
| Missing | 741 | 24 | 203 | 968 |
| Female | 3,469 (30.8%) | 194 (31.6%) | 8,228 (32.6%) | 11,891 (32.1%) |
| Male | 7,785 (69.2%) | 420 (68.4%) | 16,998 (67.4%) | 25,203 (67.9%) |
| Training level of primary ED provider | ||||
| Missing | 84 | 13 | 348 | 445 |
| Attending only | 7690 (64.6%) | 338 (54.1%) | 11282 (45.0%) | 19310 (51.3%) |
| APP | 2499 (21.0%) | 119 (19.0%) | 5335 (21.3%) | 7953 (21.1%) |
| Attending + Resident | 1722 (14.5%) | 168 (26.9%) | 8464 (33.7%) | 10354 (27.5%) |
| Urinalysis performed | ||||
| Not performed | 748 (6.2%) | 56 (8.8%) | 2,716 (10.7%) | 3,520 (9.2%) |
| Performed | 11,247 (93.8%) | 582 (91.2%) | 22,713 (89.3%) | 34,542 (90.8%) |
| Source of urine sample | ||||
| Missing | 728 | 56 | 2,653 | 3,437 |
| Clean catch/void urine | 6616 (58.7%) | 309 (53.1%) | 8,838 (38.8%) | 15,763 (45.5%) |
| Not documented | 3,349 (29.7%) | 249 (42.8%) | 13,259 (58.2%) | 16,857 (48.7%) |
| Other | 1,302 (11.6%) | 24 (4.1%) | 679 (3.0%) | 2,005 (5.8%) |
| Bacteria, urine (0–4+) | ||||
| Missing | 2,882 | 178 | 8,145 | 11,205 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 1.0 (0.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 2.0) |
| Blood, urine (0–3+) | ||||
| Missing | 985 | 67 | 3,177 | 4,229 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 0.0 (0.0, 2.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 2.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 2.0) |
| Glucose, urine | ||||
| Missing | 809 | 56 | 2,856 | 3,721 |
| Negative | 10,369 (92.7%) | 536 (92.1%) | 21,256 (94.2%) | 32,161 (93.7%) |
| Positive | 817 (7.3%) | 46 (7.9%) | 1,317 (5.8%) | 2,180 (6.3%) |
| Ketones, urine | ||||
| Missing | 818 | 56 | 2,882 | 3,756 |
| Negative | 9,339 (83.6%) | 483 (83.0%) | 18,475 (81.9%) | 28,297 (82.5%) |
| Positive | 1,838 (16.4%) | 99 (17.0%) | 4,072 (18.1%) | 6,009 (17.5%) |
| Leukocyte esterase, urine (0–3+) | ||||
| Missing | 1,049 | 66 | 3,185 | 4,300 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 1.0 (0.0, 3.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 2.0) |
| Mucous, urine (0–4+) | ||||
| Missing | 2,905 | 178 | 8,142 | 11,225 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 2.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) |
| Nitrite, urine | ||||
| Missing | 805 | 56 | 2,826 | 3,687 |
| Negative | 10,020 (89.5%) | 546 (93.8%) | 21,102 (93.4%) | 31,668 (92.1%) |
| Positive | 1,170 (10.5%) | 36 (6.2%) | 1,501 (6.6%) | 2,707 (7.9%) |
| Protein, urine | ||||
| Missing | 820 | 57 | 2,867 | 3,744 |
| Negative | 6,878 (61.5%) | 383 (65.9%) | 14,734 (65.3%) | 21,995 (64.1%) |
| Positive | 4,297 (38.5%) | 198 (34.1%) | 7,828 (34.7%) | 12,323 (35.9%) |
| RBCs, urine (0–101) | ||||
| Missing | 2,910 | 180 | 8,136 | 11,226 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 2.5 (2.5, 12.5) | 2.5 (2.5, 12.5) | 2.5 (2.0, 12.5) | 2.5 (2.5, 12.5) |
| Trichomonas, urine | ||||
| Missing | 2,917 | 178 | 8,209 | 11,304 |
| Not present | 9033 (99.5%) | 456 (99.1%) | 16886 (98.1%) | 26375 (98.6%) |
| Present | 45 (0.5%) | 4 (0.9%) | 334 (1.9%) | 383 (1.4%) |
| WBC clumps, urine | ||||
| Missing | 3,026 | 182 | 8332 | 11,540 |
| None | 8, 121 (90.5%) | 425 (93.2%) | 15,817 (92.5%) | 24,363 (91.9%) |
| Present | 848 (9.5%) | 31 (6.8%) | 1,280 (7.5%) | 2,159 (8.1%) |
| WBC, urine (0–101) | ||||
| Missing | 2,969 | 180 | 8,120 | 11,269 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 12.5 (2.5, 36.0) | 8.0 (2.5, 24.8) | 8.0 (2.5, 29.0) | 12.5 (2.5, 36.0) |
| Yeast, urine | ||||
| Missing | 3,025 | 180 | 8,238 | 11,443 |
| None | 8,635 (96.3%) | 446 (97.4%) | 16,706 (97.2%) | 25,787 (96.9%) |
| Present | 335 (3.7%) | 12 (2.6%) | 485 (2.8%) | 832 (3.1%) |
| Clue cells, wet mount | ||||
| No result | 10,577 (88.2%) | 426 (66.8%) | 11,358 (44.7%) | 22,361 (58.7%) |
| None | 1,038 (8.7%) | 152 (23.8%) | 7,603 (29.9%) | 8,793 (23.1%) |
| Present | 380 (3.2%) | 60 (9.4%) | 6,468 (25.4%) | 6,908 (18.1%) |
| WBC, wet mount | ||||
| No result | 10,509 (87.6%) | 423 (66.3%) | 11,032 (43.4%) | 21,964 (57.7%) |
| ≤10 | 1,050 (8.8%) | 147 (23.0%) | 9,632 (37.9%) | 10,829 (28.5%) |
| 11–100 | 436 (3.6%) | 68 (10.7%) | 4,765 (18.7%) | 5,269 (13.8%) |
| Yeast, wet mount | ||||
| No result | 10,587 (88.3%) | 426 (66.8%) | 11,549 (45.4%) | 22,562 (59.3%) |
| None | 1,355 (11.3%) | 195 (30.6%) | 12,925 (50.8%) | 14,475 (38.0%) |
| Present | 53 (0.4%) | 17 (2.7%) | 955 (3.8%) | 1,025 (2.7%) |
| Trichomonas, wet mount | ||||
| No result | 10,588 (88.3%) | 428 (67.1%) | 11,539 (45.4%) | 22,555 (59.3%) |
| None | 1,361 (11.3%) | 203 (31.8%) | 12,596 (49.5%) | 14,160 (37.2%) |
| Present | 46 (0.4%) | 7 (1.1%) | 1,294 (5.1%) | 1,347 (3.5%) |
| Gonorrhea, NAAT | ||||
| No test result | 10,489 (87.4%) | 423 (66.3%) | 10,923 (43.0%) | 21,835 (57.4%) |
| Negative | 1,489 (12.4%) | 211 (33.1%) | 14,051 (55.3%) | 15,751 (41.4%) |
| Positive | 17 (0.1%) | 4 (0.6%) | 455 (1.8%) | 476 (1.3%) |
| Chlamydia, NAAAT | ||||
| No test result | 10,489 (87.4%) | 422 (66.1%) | 10,931 (43.0%) | 21,842 (57.4%) |
| Negative | 1,426 (11.9%) | 203 (31.8%) | 13,291 (52.3%) | 14,920 (39.2%) |
| Positive | 80 (0.7%) | 13 (2.0%) | 1,207 (4.7%) | 1,300 (3.4%) |
| Trichomonas, NAAT | ||||
| No test result | 11,539 (96.2%) | 569 (89.2%) | 21,053 (82.8%) | 33,161 (87.1%) |
| Negative | 439 (3.7%) | 66 (10.3%) | 3,978 (15.6%) | 4,483 (11.8%) |
| Positive | 17 (0.1%) | 3 (0.5%) | 398 (1.6%) | 418 (1.1%) |
| Diagnosed with a urinary tract infection (UTI in the ED) | ||||
| No | 8,384 (69.9%) | 496 (77.7%) | 20,895 (82.2%) | 29,775 (78.2%) |
| Yes | 3,611 (30.1%) | 142 (22.3%) | 4,534 (17.8%) | 8,287 (21.8%) |
^There were 192 encounters with no race provided.