Table 3.
ECMO-associated complications and major adverse events
| All (n = 254) |
CTRL (n = 200) |
EXT (n = 54) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infectious complications | ||||
| Nosocomial infections | 172 (68) | 147 (74) | 25 (46) | < 0.01 |
| Ventilator-associated pneumonia | 147 (58) | 127 (64) | 20 (37) | < 0.01 |
| Bloodstream infection | 59 (23) | 51 (26) | 8 (15) | 0.10 |
| Urinary tract infection | 43 (17) | 37 (18) | 6 (11) | 0.20 |
| Abdominal infection | 9 (4) | 9 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.21 |
| Skin and soft-tissue infection | 8 (3) | 8 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.21 |
| Duration of antibiotic therapy in ICU (days) | 16 (9–35) | 20 (11–41) | 7 (6–14) | < 0.01 |
| Antibiotic-free days in ICU (%) | 35 (10–52) | 29 (9–50) | 42 (25–62) | 0.01 |
| Bleeding complications | ||||
| Hemorrhagic shock | 22 (8.7) | 21 (10.6) | 1 (1.9) | 0.05 |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 5 (2.0) | 3 (1.5) | 2 (3.7) | 0.29 |
| Thrombotic complications | ||||
| Cannula-associated deep vein thrombosis | 69 (36) | 45 (31) | 24 (49) | 0.02 |
| Limb ischemia | 3 (1.2) | 3 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 0.49 |
| Ischemic stroke | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
| Major adverse events | ||||
| Refractory hypoxemia | 15 (5.9) | 12 (6.0) | 3 (5.6) | 1.00 |
| Cardiac arrest | 8 (3.2) | 5 (2.5) | 3 (5.6) | 0.37 |
| Accidental decannulation | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | 0.21 |
Data are presented as numbers of cases (percentage). CTRL, group without extubation during ECMO; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; EXT, group with extubation during ECMO