Fig. 6.

Frontier examples of current peripheral nerve stimulation/organ modulation and recording techniques with an example for a relevant disorder/application denoted underneath each technique. a) The rubbery patch on the epicardial surface of a living porcine heart. Inset: the circuit diagram for a single sensing node in the 5×5 active matrix (adapted from Nature: Electronics [154] © 2022). b) Gastrointestinal electrical stimulation system (adapted from Ref. [155] under Creative Commons CC-BY License). c) Posterior tibial nerve for bladder stimulation (Adapted from Ref. [156] under The Creative Commons CC-BY License). d) Fundus photo of a patient with the PRIMA implant inside the geographic atrophy area. The magenta oval illustrates the size of the beam (5.3 × 4.3 mm) projected onto the retina (adapted from Ref. [157] under Creative Commons CC BY license). e) Representation of a 2 × 2 × 0.4 mm³ MEMS sensor positioned at the Umbo [158].