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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 19.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2021 Sep 16;62:551–571. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-012221-082339

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) hormesis showing biphasic cellular responses to ROS. Hormesis can be defined as a biphasic dose response in which a specific chemical subserves a physiological role at lower concentrations yet has a pathological effect at higher concentrations. This is a fundamental feature of ROS in cells and tissues, with lower ROS concentrations causing oxidative eustress to mediate physiological cellular responses, while higher concentrations of ROS lead to oxidative distress and to the development of cellular dysfunction and disease (25). Figure adapted from images created with BioRender.com.