TABLE 1.

The first-fourth line treatments available for IC/BPS.

Treatment type	Name of treatment	Target
Non-pharmacological Garzon et al. (2020a); Koziol et al. (1993); Lai et al. (2019); Hanno et al. (2015); Ueda et al. (2021); Ogawa et al. (2015); Davis et al. (2014)	Diet Modification	• Control voiding frequency
	Bladder Training	• Reduce bladder pain
Oral Medications Ogawa et al. (2015); Garzon et al. (2020a); van Ophoven et al. (2019); Taneja, (2021); Grigoryan et al. (2022)	Pentosan Polysulphate (PPS)	• Reduce urothelial permeability
		• Relieve bladder pain
		• Reduce urinary urgency
		• Reduce frequency of micturition
Intravesical Instillations Garzon et al. (2020a); Birder et al. (1997); Yoshimura et al. (2021); Tomoe, (2015); Grundy et al. (2018a); Parsons et al. (2015); Welk and Teichman, (2008); Parsons, (2005); Henry et al. (2015); Parsons et al. (2012); Henry et al. (2001); Nickel et al. (2009); Digesu et al. (2020)	Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)	• Smooth muscle relaxation
		• Blocks nerve activity
		• Provides anti-inflammatory effects
		• Relieve bladder pain and urinary frequency
	Lidocaine	• Blocks sensory nerve fibres in the bladder
		• Relieves bladder pain, urgency and nocturia
	Heparin	• Reproduce the activity of native bladder mucosa
		• Reduces transepithelial migration of solutes such as potassium that could depolarise sensory nerves to stimulate bladder pain, urgency and nocturia
Procedures Hanno et al. (2011a); McCahy and Styles, (1995); Glemain et al. (2002); Yamada et al. (2003); Ueda et al. (2021); Garzon et al. (2020a); Peters et al. (2007); Clemens et al. (2022a); Padilla-Fernandez et al. (2022); Hernández-Hernández et al. (2020)	Hydrodistension	• Increases bladder capacity to relieve urinary symptoms
		• Relives urinary urgency and frequency
		• Relieves bladder pain
	Neuromodulation	• Modulates neural pathways responsible for controlling bladder voiding
		• Relieves urinary urgency and frequency