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. 2023 Sep 4;10:1250361. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1250361

Table 1.

PICOS criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies.

Population Adults
Exposure Ultra-processed food consumption
Comparison Highest vs. lowest categories of exposure and each 10% increase in exposure
Outcomes Breast cancer
Study design Case–control or cohort studies

PICOS, participant, intervention (exposure), comparison, outcome, and study design.