Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation-Supported Patients, With and Without Bloodstream Infection
| Variable | All Patients (n = 136), No. (%) a | Bloodstream Infection (n = 81), No. (%) a | No Bloodstream Infection (n = 55), No. (%) a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median y (IQR) | 49 (42–54) | 50 (46–55) | 48 (39–54) |
| Sex, male | 106 (76.8) | 65 (80.2) | 41 (74.5) |
| Pandemic wave | |||
| 1 | 33 (24.3) | 14 (17.3) | 19 (34.5) |
| 2 | 39 (28.7) | 25 (30.9) | 14 (25.5) |
| 3 | 64 (47.1) | 42 (51.9) | 22 (40.0) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 35 (25.7) | 19 (23.5) | 16 (29.1) |
| Dyslipidemia | 21 (15.4) | 14 (17.3) | 7 (12.7) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 25 (18.4) | 14 (17.3) | 11 (20.0) |
| Coronary artery disease | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.6) |
| Congestive heart failure | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.8) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Chronic lung disease | 17 (12.5) | 12 (14.8) | 5 (0.9) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2 (1.5) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.8) |
| Cancer | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) |
| Immunocompromise | 3 (2.2) | 2 (2.5) | 1 (1.8) |
| COVID-19 therapies | |||
| Dexamethasone | 112 (82.4) | 72 (88.9) | 40 (72.7) |
| Remdesivir | 18 (13.2) | 11 (13.6) | 7 (12.7) |
| Interleukin-6 inhibitor | 62 (45.6) | 38 (46.9) | 24 (43.6) |
| Type of ECMO | |||
| Venovenous | 132 (97.1) | 79 (97.5) | 53 (96.4) |
| Venoarterial | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.6) |
| Both | 2 (1.5) | 2 (2.5) | 0 (0) |
| Time from initial hospital admission to ECMO, median d (IQR) | 10 (6–14) | 10 (6–14) | 10 (5–12) |
| Time from mechanical ventilation to ECMO, median d (IQR) | 5 (2–8) | 4 (1–7) | 5 (2–8) |
| Duration of admission at study center, median d (IQR) | 29 (18–52) | 40 (23–66) | 19 (12–31) |
| Duration of mechanical ventilation, median d (IQR) | 32 (19–53) | 45 (26–62) | 22 (13–32) |
| Duration of ECMO, median d (IQR) | 24 (12–48) | 32 (18–55) | 13 (7–24) |
| New renal replacement therapy | 56 (41.2) | 39 (48.1) | 17 (30.9) |
| Clostridioides difficile infection | 2 (1.5) | 2 (2.5) | 0 (0) |
| Lung transplantation | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) |
| Patient outcome | |||
| Transfer to other hospital | 49 (36.0) | 29 (35.8) | 20 (36.4) |
| Discharge to rehabilitation facility | 6 (4.4) | 4 (4.9) | 2 (3.6) |
| Discharge home | 6 (4.4) | 2 (2.5) | 4 (7.3) |
| Death | 75 (55.1) | 46 (56.8) | 29 (52.7) |
Note. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IQR, interquartile range.
a
Units unless otherwise specified.