Table 2. Intention-to-Treat Analysis of Changes in Mathematics Test and Physical Fitness Scores After 1 Academic Year Between the Intervention and Control Groups .
| Variablea | Study group, mean (SD) | Mean difference (95% CI) | P valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | |||
| All children | 1012 (49.8) | 1020 (50.2) | ||
| Mathematics scores | ||||
| Baseline | 73.81 (17.92) | 74.40 (16.97) | −0.59 (−5.13 to 3.95) | |
| 1 Academic year | 78.01 (17.56) | 77.70 (17.29) | 0.65 (−2.85 to 4.15) | .71 |
| Change from baseline | 4.16 (17.01) | 3.36 (14.48) | 0.67 (−3.07 to 4.41) | |
| Physical fitness scores | ||||
| Overall | ||||
| Baseline | 69.48 (8.97) | 68.75 (9.02) | 0.73 (−0.86 to 2.33) | |
| 1 Academic year | 81.49 (6.26) | 76.24 (7.29) | 4.95 (3.56 to 6.34) | <.001c |
| Change from baseline | 11.95 (7.32) | 7.59 (7.73) | 4.67 (3.17 to 6.18) | |
| BMI | ||||
| Baseline | 95.61 (9.39) | 94.61 (10.75) | 1.00 (−0.53 to 2.54) | NA |
| 1 Academic year | 95.35 (9.98) | 95.38 (10.37) | −0.72 (−1.57 to 0.12) | |
| Change from baseline | −0.28 (7.89) | 0.78 (8.19) | −0.75 (−1.60 to 0.10) | |
| Lung vital capacity | ||||
| Baseline | 75.52 (11.34) | 77.28 (10.75) | −1.76 (−5.17 to 1.65) | NA |
| 1 Academic year | 82.21 (8.86) | 77.28 (12.16) | 5.69 (3.93 to 7.44) | |
| Change from baseline | 6.70 (10.70) | 0.11 (12.24) | 5.61 (3.75 to 7.47) | |
| 50-m sprint | ||||
| Baseline | 63.13 (18.24) | 64.08 (16.87) | −0.94 (−5.47 to 3.58) | NA |
| 1 Academic year | 77.24 (14.17) | 72.20 (15.59) | 5.37 (2.17 to 8.57) | |
| Change from baseline | 14.20 (17.89) | 7.98 (17.93) | 5.30 (1.70 to 8.91) | |
| Sit-and-reach test | ||||
| Baseline | 71.61 (15.14) | 71.10 (14.84) | 0.51 (−1.91 to 2.92) | NA |
| 1 Academic year | 85.09 (9.81) | 76.11 (10.53) | 8.83 (6.07 to 11.59) | |
| Change from baseline | 13.39 (14.71) | 12.84 (5.10) | 8.77 (5.82 to 11.72) | |
| 1-min Jump rope | ||||
| Baseline | 53.83 (25.42) | 48.84 (26.58) | 5.00 (−1.12 to 11.12) | NA |
| 1 Academic year | 75.90 (13.83) | 68.93 (17.74) | 5.81 (2.08 to 9.55) | |
| Change from baseline | 21.81 (24.07) | 20.14 (25.46) | 5.69 (1.73 to 9.66) | |
| 1-min sit-ups | ||||
| Baseline | 60.99 (20.56) | 61.62 (19.78) | −0.64 (−5.13 to 3.86) | NA |
| 1 Academic year | 72.14 (16.07) | 68.83 (14.73) | 3.56 (0.69 to 6.42) | |
| Change from baseline | 11.02 (18.36) | 7.20 (16.96) | 3.56 (0.50 to 6.62) | |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); NA, not applicable.
Primary outcome was the between-group mean difference in mathematics test scores after 1 academic year. Secondary outcomes were overall physical fitness scores and myopia incidence after 1 academic year. The remaining outcomes in this table were exploratory outcomes.
Normality in the distribution of continuous data was checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test. Linear regression models assessed the differences between the 2 groups in the mathematics test scores and physical fitness scores at baseline and at the end of 1 academic year, as well as changes in these variables after 1 academic year. All analyses took into account the cluster effects within schools.
Bonferroni correction was applied to multiple comparisons for secondary outcomes (physical fitness score and myopia incidence), and the corrected P value was presented.