Table 1.
Summary of early life adverse exposures affected directly in irritable bowel syndrome.
| Adverse exposures | Authors | Publication year | Study type | Study populution | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High fat diet in offspring | Zhu et al. (11) | 2014 | Cross-sectional study | Chinese children in grades 1 through 6 | Eating fried food is a risk factor for IBS | |
| Stress exposure | NMS | Riba et al. (12) | 2018 | Experimental study | / | / |
| Yi et al. (13) | 2017 | Experimental study | / | / | ||
| Tang et al. (14) | 2017 | Experimental study | / | / | ||
| O'Mahony et al. (15) | 2009 | Experimental study | / | / | ||
| Early life adverse experiences | Park et al. (16) | 2016 | Case-control study | IBS patients and health controls | Various types of EALs are significant predictor of IBS | |
| Bradford et al. (17) | 2012 | Case-control study | IBS patients and health controls | Various types of EALs are associated with the development of IBS | ||
| Ju et al. (18) | 2020 | Case-control study | IBS Patients and health controls | A greater number of EALs and higher perceived trauma severity were associated with increased odds of IBS | ||
| Rahal et al. (19) | 2020 | Case-control study | IBS Patients and health controls | Fear improved prediction of IBS over the total number of EALs | ||
| Adverse perinatal period factors and formula feeding | C-section | Waehrens et al. (20) | 2018 | Cohort study | A national cohort of persons who were born in Sweden | Significant risk factors for IBS (caesarean, low birth weight, being second in birth orderfoetal growth ≥1 SD, young maternal age (<20 years), maternal marital status (divorced/widowed), maternal education of 10–11 years, maternal education of 12–14 years, parental history of IBS, parental history of anxiety, parental history of depression |
| Lower birth weight | Waehrens et al. (20) | 2018 | Cohort study | As above | As above | |
| Raslau et al. (21) | 2016 | Case-control study | IBS Patients and health controls | Lower birth weight increased the odds for IBS | ||
| Formula feeding | Koloski et al. (22) | 2005 | Case-control study | A random population sample from Sydney, Australia | Development of IBS was associated with childhood factors-a shorter duration of breastfeeding | |
| Pediatric diseases related to IBS | Acute gastroenteritis | Cremon et al. (23) | 2014 | Cohort study | 1,811 patients (primarily children) who were infected with foodborne Salmonella enteritidis in Bologna, Italy in 1994 | The prevalence of IBS was higher in individuals exposed Salmonella as children than in controls |
| Thabane et al. (24) | 2010 | Cohort study | Children exposed to domestic water contaminated with E. coli 0157:H7 and Campylobacter in Walkerton, Ontario, May 2000 | Acute bacterial gastroenteritis is associated with subsequent IBS in children as in adults | ||
| Functional constipation | Khan et al. (25) | 2007 | Case-control study | Pediatric FCC patients and health control | Childhood constipation appears to be a predictor of IBS in adulthood | |
| Urinary tract infection | Tan et al. (26) | 2018 | Cohort study | UTI infants and health controls | Infants with UTI had higher risks of childhood IBS | |
| Atopic dermatitis | Tsai et al. (27) | 2018 | Cohort study | AD children and health controls | AD children had a greater risk of developing IBS | |
| Food allergy/intolerance | Mansueto et al. (28) | 2015 | Experimental study | / | / | |
| Childhood physical/emotional trauma | Bradford et al. (17) | 2012 | Case-control study | 294 IBS patients and 435 controls | EALs had an independent association with IBS | |
| Childhood abdominal pain | Howell et al. (29) | 2005 | Cohort study | 1972 birth cohort (Dunedin, NZ) | CAP can progress to adult IBS in some children | |
| Asthma | Sjolund et al. (30) | 2021 | Cohort study | Children born in Sweden from 1994 through 1996 | Asthma is positively associated with IBS | |
NMS, Neonatal maternal separation; C-section, cesarean-section; EALs, early adverse life events; FCC, functional childhood constipation; UTI, urinary tract infection; AD, atopic dermatitis; CAP, childhood abdominal pain.