Table 2.

Univariable and multivariable logistic regression of factors associated with intubation within 48 h of critically ill patients in the emergency department

Variable	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	p value
Sex, male	1.50 (0.94–2.38)	0.091	1.50 (0.77–2.94)	0.237
Hypotension (SBP ≤ 90 or MAP ≤ 65 mmHg)	1.13 (0.57–2.25)	0.731	0.61 (0.21–1.75)	0.362
Respiratory rate > 30 per minute, n (%)	1.56 (0.920–2.65)	0.099	1.05 (0.56–2.26)	0.892
Glasgow Coma Scale score < 15	2.90 (1.70–4.95)	< 0.001	1.63 (0.72–3.66)	0.236
pH < 7.30	4.91 (2.31–10.42)	< 0.001	3.79 (1.36–10.57)	0.011
PF ratio < 200	0.76 (0.30–1.92)	0.565	0.26 (0.07–0.96)	0.044
Bicarbonate	0.94 (0.89–0.98)	0.007	0.99 (0.92–1.06)	0.678
Blood lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L	2.32 (1.19–4.50)	0.013	2.01 (0.72–5.61)	0.182
SOFA score	1.17 (1.06–1.29)	0.002	1.06 (0.88–1.29)	0.528
Non-invasive respiratory support	1.88 (1.11–3.20)	0.020	2.02 (0.93–4.33)	0.073
Final diagnosis
Respiratory infection	2.21 (1.38–3.53)	0.001	2.31 (1.12–4.77)	0.024
Sepsis	3.60 (2.21–5.86)	< 0.001	2.37 (1.07–5.25)	0.033
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema	0.55 (0.32–0.97)	0.036	1.02 (0.46–2.26)	0.963
COVID-19 pneumonia	2.05 (0.99–4.23)	0.053	1.70 (0.59–4.91)	0.324
Diaphragmatic excursion (increase per 0.1 cm)	0.08 (0.05–0.16)	< 0.001	0.08 (0.04–0.17)	< 0.001

BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, MAP mean arterial pressure, PaCO₂ partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, PaO₂ partial pressure of arterial oxygen, PF ratio ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to inspired oxygen fraction, SBP systolic blood pressure, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SpO₂ blood oxygen saturation level